ZHANG Chuanfang，LIU Xinyu，ZHU Yuxuan
College of Materials Science and Engineering， Sichuan University， Chengdu 610065， China
Significance To address the synthesis bottlenecks of two-dimensional （2D） materials and facilitate their industrial-scale production， the large-scale preparation of metal carbides and/or carbonitrides （MXenes） is of significant importance. Currently，the industrial-scale production of 2D materials is hindered because most methods rely on top-down approaches， which are limited by substrate size and the availability of chemical precursors for synthesis and exfoliation. Consequently， only a few 2D materials have been successfully produced at scale. However， MXenes， due to their unique synthesis methods， hold significant potential to overcome these challenges and enable the scalable manufacturing of 2D nanomaterials.
Progress This review systematically discusses the synthesis methods of MXenes， including hydrofluoric acid （HF） etching an fluorine-free etching， strategies for bulk preparation of MXene powders， large-scale production methods for few-layer and multi⁃layer MXene powders， their applications in energy-related fields （such as lithium-ion batteries， supercapacitors， and water treatment）， as well as the existing challenges of MXenes.
Conclusion and Prospects MXenes are a class of 2D transition metal carbides or nitrides synthesized via top-down methods，which could be readily scaled up based on reactor volume. For single-layer MXene powders， improved ammonium ion exfoliation methods （including stepwise exfoliation and centrifugation-assisted sedimentation） are commonly employed to achieve rapid， scalable production of few-layer MXene nanosheets. The large-scale preparation methods for multilayer and few-layer MXenes differ in their technical focus， but neither alters their intrinsic structure or properties of the materials during scale-up，demonstrating feasibility for further industrial amplification and commercialization. The synthesis of multilayer MXenes is rela⁃tively mature and cost-effective， but their interlayer spacing and exfoliation efficiency limit their performance in certain applications. In contrast， few-layer MXenes， prepared via intercalation modification and exfoliation methods， involve a more complex process yet demonstrate significantly enhanced properties， making them more suitable for demanding applications. Future research will focus on developing more efficient and low-cost preparation techniques. Novel MXenes keep the outstanding properties of conventional 2D nanomaterials and exhibit exceptional electrical conductivity （≈8 000 S/cm）， comparable to graphene and metals， enabling their wide application in energy storage and sensors. They also hold significant promise for water treatment.
Keywords：two-dimensional transition metal carbon （nitrogen） compounds； hydrofluoric acid etching； capacitor
Get Citation:ZONG Zhihao， PANG Xiangbo， YANG Shaohan， et al. Preparation of porous silica microspheres by spray drying method［J］. China Powder Science and Technology， 2026， 32（2）： 1−11.
Received: 2025-06-13， Revised: 2025-07-30， Online: 2025-11-12。
Funding： The research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Grant No. 22278174 and 21808079），the Excellent Youth Science Foundation of Shandong Province （Overseas）（Grant No. 2022HWYQ-082），the Mount Taishan Scholar Young Expert Foundation of Shandong Province（Grant No. tsqn202408211），and the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province（Grant No. ZR2021MB117）.
DOI：10.13732/j.issn.1008-5548.2026.02.013
CLC No:TQ127.2； TB4
Serial No:1008-5548（2026）02-0001-11
