刘丹彤¹， 武云飞²， 张语欣¹， 梁宇婷¹， 胡康³， 丁朔⁴， 李思遠⁵， 姜晓彤⁶， 张仁健²

1.浙江大学 地球科学学院， 浙江 杭州 310027； 2.中国科学院大气物理研究所， 北京 100029； 3.南京信息工程大学 环境科学与工程学院， 江苏 南京 210044； 4.中国计量大学 能源环境与安全工程学院， 全省工业碳计量技术研究重点实验室， 浙江 杭州 310018；5.河南大学 低空技术与空天信息学院， 空间基准全国重点实验室， 河南 郑州 450046；6.山东航空学院 黄河三角洲生态环境研究中心， 山东省黄河三角洲生态环境重点实验室， 山东 滨州 256600

引用格式：

刘丹彤， 武云飞， 张语欣， 等. 大气吸光性碳质气溶胶［J］. 中国粉体技术， 2027， 33（2）： 66-79.

Liu Dantong， Wu Yunfei， Zhang Yuxin， et al. Atmospheric light⁃absorbing carbonaceous aerosols［J］. China Powder Science and Technology， 2027， 33（2）： 66-79.

DOI：10.13732/j.issn.1008-5548.2027.02.006

收稿日期： 2026-07-25， 修回日期： 2026-09-05， 上线日期： 2026-10-08。

基金项目： 国家重点研发计划项目，编号：2023YFC3705102。

第一作者： 刘丹彤（1984—），男，研究员，博士，博士生导师，国家海外引才计划青年学者、浙江省杰出青年科学基金获得者，研究方向为大气化学、大气气溶胶和云微物理。E-mail：dantongliu@zju.edu.cn。

摘要： 【目的】 系统梳理大气吸光性碳质气溶胶（light⁃absorbing carbonaceous aerosols， LACs）中黑碳（black carbon， BC）和棕碳（brown carbon， BrC）的生命周期过程，明确我国观测和模式研究对气候效应评估的主要约束。 【研究现状】 围绕排放源谱、区域输送、理化老化、云降水清除和冰冻圈沉积等环节，概括我国城市群、区域背景站、近海港口和青藏高原等区域研究进展；比较BC与BrC在混合态、光吸收、吸湿活化和沉积后效应方面的差异，并总结质量吸收截面（mass absorption cross-section， MAC）、吸收Ångström指数（absorption Ångström exponent， AAE）、包覆物体积比（coating volume ratio， VR）、吸湿性参数（hygroscopicity parameter， κ）、云凝结核（cloud condensation nuclei， CCN）、冰核（ice nuclei， IN）活化和湿沉降效率等关键参数的模式应用需求。 【结论与展望】 LACs气候效应的不确定性主要来自源谱差异、老化时间尺度、BrC发色团转化、云内外清除和雪冰反馈过程。后续研究须加强我国典型区域多平台连续观测、单颗粒过程参数化和模型闭合验证，推动可观测变量向区域和气候模式参数转化。

关键词： 吸光性碳质气溶胶； 黑碳； 棕碳； 气候效应评估

Abstract

Significance This review aims to synthesize recent advances in understanding the atmospheric life cycle and climate-relevant properties of light-absorbing carbonaceous aerosols （LACs）， with an emphasis on observations in China， source studies， laboratory experiments， and model development. LACs mainly include black carbon （BC）， a refractory and strongly light-absorbing component produced by incomplete combustion， and brown carbon （BrC）， a group of organic compounds that preferentially absorb in the near-ultraviolet and short-visible spectral ranges. Instead of treating BC and BrC as isolated aerosol components， this review organizes current knowledge within a life cycle framework that integrates emissions， regional and vertical transport， physicochemical aging， cloud and precipitation interactions， atmospheric removal， snow and ice deposition， and radiative effects. The review evaluates how measurable parameters， including mass absorption cross-section， absorption Ångström exponent， BC core size， coating thickness， coating volume ratio， particle morphology， hygroscopicity， cloud condensation nuclei activation， ice nucleation potential， scavenging efficiency， and absorption aerosol optical depth， can be used to connect field observations with regional and climate models.

Progress The reviewed studies show that LAC emissions in China are controlled by multiple source categories， including residential solid–fuel combustion， biomass burning， traffic， industry， and shipping. These sources differ not only in mass emission strength but also in BC maturity， char/soot partitioning， particle size， organic coating， BrC chromophore abundance， and potential for secondary formation. Recent source-testing and field studies in China indicate that char and soot should not be assigned identical optical properties in emission inventories and radiative assessments because their chemical maturity and absorption capacity can differ substantially. Coastal observations further show that ship emissions are becoming an important contributor to BC in nearshore regions and may respond rapidly to emission control policies. For BrC， combustion sources， aqueous reactions， nitrogen-containing chemistry， and secondary organic aerosol formation collectively determine its spectral absorption， volatility， polarity， and aging rate. Regional comparisons suggest that North China is characterized by strong wintertime residential combustion， haze chemistry， and coating growth. The Yangtze River Delta and the Pearl River Delta are influenced by mixed traffic， industrial， and regional transport sources. The Tibetan Plateau and surrounding high-elevation regions are highly sensitive to long-range transport and cryospheric deposition. Coastal areas are jointly affected by land–sea circulation， port activities， and marine or continental air masses. Transport studies demonstrate that LAC redistribution is not limited to horizontal transport. Boundary-layer development， convective mixing， mountain–valley circulation， frontal lifting， monsoon transport， and biomass-burning plume injection can modify the vertical distribution， dilution， aging state， and removal probability of LAC particles. BC located near the top of the planetary boundary layer or above bright clouds and snow surfaces can produce higher heating efficiency than near-surface BC， while transported BrC may experience competing losses and production through volatilization， photobleaching， nitration， and secondary formation. Aging studies show that freshly emitted BC is commonly hydrophobic and fractal， but it can acquire sulfate， nitrate， ammonium， and organic coatings within hours under polluted and humid conditions. Coating growth， evaporation， coagulation， heterogeneous oxidation， liquid-phase processing， and morphology restructuring alter BC absorption enhancement， hygroscopicity， cloud activation， and wet removal efficiency. However， idealized core–shell assumptions may overestimate absorption if particle-scale diversity and morphology are ignored. For BrC， aging is even more source- and pathway-dependent. Photochemical processing can bleach primary chromophores， whereas aqueous-phase and nitrogen-containing reactions can generate secondary light-absorbing compounds. Observational evidence from Chinese cities indicates that BrC absorption can increase or decrease during aging， depending on oxidation state， polarity， molecular composition， and atmospheric humidity. Removal processes represent a major source of uncertainty in LAC lifetime and climate forcing. BC and BrC can be removed through in-cloud activation， collision with cloud droplets or ice particles， below-cloud scavenging by rain and snow， dry deposition to surfaces， and deposition onto snow and ice. BC cloud activation is governed by coating amount， particle size， and coating hygroscopicity， while recent single-particle observations show that a considerable fraction of BC in clouds may be captured through nonactivation pathways rather than conventional cloud condensation nuclei activation alone. Mixed-phase clouds add further complexity because the Wegener–Bergeron–Findeisen process can release BC from evaporating droplets， thereby reducing wet removal efficiency， whereas riming and precipitation formation can enhance removal. For BrC， physical removal and chemical transformation in cloud water should be distinguished， because cloud processing can both eliminate light-absorbing compounds and create new chromophores. After deposition， LACs in snow and ice can reduce surface albedo and accelerate radiative feedbacks， particularly on the Tibetan Plateau and in northern snow-covered and glacierized areas.

Conclusions and Prospects This review synthesizes Chinese research on the emission profiles， regional and vertical transport， physicochemical evolution， and atmospheric removal of LACs. Although BC and BrC are both light-absorbing carbonaceous components， their climate-relevant properties are governed by different processes： BC absorption， cloud activation， and removal are primarily controlled by core size， mixing state， coating growth， and morphological restructuring， whereas BrC is more dependent on source， molecular composition， and reaction pathway and may either darken or bleach through competing nitrogen-containing， aqueous-phase， and photochemical processes. Regional contrasts across China further show that emissions， boundary-layer dynamics， transport， cloud and precipitation processing， and cryospheric deposition jointly determine LAC lifetime and radiative effects. Future studies should move from bulk mass constraints toward process closure across the full life cycle by developing source profiles that resolve fuel type， combustion stage， BC maturity， and BrC chromophores； coordinating ground， mountain， aircraft， coastal， cloud， precipitation， and cryosphere observations； and dynamically representing BC mixing-state evolution and BrC optical changes in models. Improved parameterizations of activation scavenging， nonactivation capture， below-cloud scavenging， mixed-phase-cloud release， and post-depositional snow and ice processing are essential for more reliable and regionally comparable assessments of LAC climate effects.

Keywords： light-absorbing carbonaceous aerosol； black carbon； brown carbon； climate effect assessment

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