齐志超1，2， 谷海峰2， 孙晓晖1， 常愿1， 王辉1
1.中国核电工程有限公司， 北京 100840； 2.哈尔滨工程大学 核安全与仿真技术国防重点科学实验室， 黑龙江 哈尔滨 150001
引用格式：
齐志超，谷海峰，孙晓晖，等. 基于计算流体力学的气溶胶滑移通量模型开发及应用［J］. 中国粉体技术，2026，32（4）：32-42.
Qi Zhichao， Gu Haifeng， Sun Xiaohui， et al. Development and application of aerosol drift-flux model based on computational fluid dynamics［J］. China Powder Science and Technology， 2026， 32（4）： 32-42.
DOI：10.13732/j.issn.1008-5548.2026.04.001
收稿日期： 2026-02-12， 修回日期： 2026-06-02，上线日期： 2026-06-16。
基金项目：国家重点研发计划项目，编号：2020YFB1901400。
第一作者：齐志超（1999—），男，助理工程师，硕士，研究方向为反应堆安全分析。E-mail：thu2017qzc@163.com。
通信作者：王辉（1986—），男，研究员级高级工程师，博士，研究方向为反应堆安全分析。E-mail：wanghuia@cnpe.cc。
摘要：【目的】有效预测气溶胶的壁面沉积与时空分布，实现在核电厂严重事故下放射性气溶胶源项的准确评估。【方法】建立一个兼具数值精度与收敛性的气溶胶滑移通量模型，用于模拟气溶胶颗粒在湍流场中的输运与沉积行为，分析重力沉降、布朗扩散及湍流扩散等多机制耦合作用下的颗粒空间分布规律；模型通过求解包含颗粒滑移速度的标量输运方程描述颗粒浓度的演变，基于三层模型推导壁面处的颗粒沉积速度，并将通量型边界转化为壁面浓度型狄利克雷边界，以增强数值稳定性与收敛性；模型通过用户自定义标量及用户自定义函数实现，分别对通风室实验和气溶胶自然沉积实验开展数值模拟，并与实测数据进行对比。【结果】在通风室模拟中，流场速度分布与实验结果吻合良好，当模拟时间为1 800 s时，喷入通风室的粒径为1 μm的颗粒已基本实现均匀混合，而粒径为10 μm的大颗粒仍呈现显著空间不均匀性，颗粒浓度分布主要由流场决定；在气溶胶自然沉积实验模拟中，空间竖直方向出现明显浓度分层，大粒径颗粒优先沉降导致衰减曲线呈现近似分段线性特征；总质量浓度衰减趋势与实验值基本一致，差异主要源于初始均匀分布假设及粒径离散分区的数量限制。【结论】开发的滑移通量模型在考虑布朗扩散、湍流扩散及重力沉降时具有良好的数值精度和收敛性，能够有效预测气溶胶的时空分布与壁面沉积，可进一步扩展至热泳、扩散泳等复杂物理机制的模拟。
关键词：计算流体力学；欧拉-欧拉方法；滑移通量；气溶胶；自然去除
Abstract
Objective The simulation of aerosol transport and deposition in confined spaces is essential for indoor air quality control and nuclear reactor safety analysis. The Eulerian drift-flux model is an effective approach for predicting aerosol behavior， with lower computational cost compared to Lagrangian methods. However， the main difficulty in applying this model arises from the numerical instability and convergence issues caused by improper treatment of the gravitational settling source term and wall deposition boundary conditions. This leads to limited accuracy and restricted applicability in large-scale simulations. Based on the three-layer deposition theory and computational fluid dynamics （CFD） techniques， the gravitational settling term and wall concentration boundary condition are reformulated. The methods and results of this study contribute to the accurate simulation of aerosol natural removal in nuclear containments or ventilated rooms.
Methods In this study， firstly， the aerosol transport equation was established based on the drift-flux model， incorporating Brownian diffusion， turbulent diffusion， and gravitational settling. The gravitational settling velocity was introduced as a source term， and the wall deposition boundary condition was derived from the Lai-Nazaroff three-layer model by converting the deposition flux into a Dirichlet-type concentration boundary condition， where the wall concentration was expressed as a function of near-wall cell concentration， mainstream concentration， and local deposition velocity. Secondly， the above model was implemented in ANSYS Fluent via user-defined scalar （UDS） transport equations. A one-way coupled solution procedure was adopted. The steady flow field was solved first using the RNG k-ε turbulence model， followed by a transient UDS simulation. Thirdly， the model was validated by simulating the aerosol distribution and deposition experiments of Chen et al. in a 0.8 m×0.4 m×0.4 m ventilated chamber. 1 μm and 10 μm particles were considered， and the simulated concentration profiles were compared with experimental data and previous simulation results. Fourthly， the validated model was applied to simulate the natural removal of NaOH aerosol in the AHMED facility （1.81 m3 cylindrical vessel）. The polydisperse aerosol was divided into five size bins （0.6， 0.85， 1.2， 1.7， and 2.4 μm） to represent the lognormal distribution， and the transport of each bin was solved simultaneously. Finally， the simulated mass concentration decay curves were compared with the experimental data， and the spatial concentration stratification phenomenon was analyzed.
Results and Discussion According to the model established above， it was found by calculation that the 1 μm particles were nearly uniformly distributed after 1 800 s， while the 10 μm particles exhibited noticeable spatial inhomogeneity and remained stratified， which agreed well with the experimental observations and previous simulations shown in Fig.5 and Fig.6. Therefore， the proposed boundary treatment yielded stable and accurate predictions. When the model was applied to the AHMED natural deposition case， gravitational settling dominated the removal process. Larger particles （2.4 μm） were completely deposited at approximately 3 500 s， followed by 1.7 μm particles at about 6 500 s. As a result， the decay curves of normalized total mass concentration showed a piecewise linear trend rather than a single exponential decay （Fig.7）. The concentration stratification along the vertical direction became increasingly evident over time， with lower concentration near the bottom due to the net deposition flux， while Brownian diffusion only smoothed the interfacial gradient （Fig.6）. The initial and final stages showed excellent agreement. Discrepancies in the middle stage were attributed to the assumptions of uniform initial concentration and stagnant airflow， as well as the limited number of particle size bins.
Conclusion In this study， a numerically robust and physically comprehensive drift-flux aerosol model is developed within a commercial CFD platform. By reformulating the gravitational settling term as an implicit source and converting the wall deposition flux into a concentration boundary condition， significant improvements in convergence and stability are achieved. The model is systematically validated against benchmark ventilated chamber experiments and successfully reproduces the natural deposition behavior of polydisperse NaOH aerosols in the AHMED facility. It is found that gravitational settling is the primary removal mechanism under stagnant conditions， leading to strong vertical concentration stratification. The piecewise decay of total mass concentration reflects the sequential depletion of different particle size classes. To further improve the accuracy for polydisperse aerosols， the number of particle size bins can be increased， and future work should extend the model to include thermophoresis and diffusiophoresis. The present model is general and can be used as a reliable tool for predicting aerosol transport and deposition in nuclear containments， cleanrooms， and other ventilated enclosures.
Keywords： computational fluid dynamics； Eulerian-Eulerian approach； drift-flux model； aerosol； natural removal
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