引用格式：

李卫平，余俊，叶辉，等. ZnO纳米粉体的液相掺杂制备策略与应用［J］. 中国粉体技术，2025，31（1）：22-34.

LI Weiping， YU Jun， YE Hui， et al. Liquid‑phase preparation strategies and applications of doped ZnO nanopowders［J］. China Powder Science and Technology，2025，31（1）：22-34.

基金项目：国家重点研发计划项目，编号：2023YFB3408200；国防基础科研项目，编号： JCKY2021204B146。

第一作者简介：李卫平（1972—），女，教授，博士，博士生导师，研究方向为功能涂层材料。E-mail：liweiping@buaa. edu. cn。

摘要：【目的】探讨制备结构形貌可控、导电性良好的ZnO纳米粉体策略。【研究现状】掺杂ZnO纳米粉体的液相制备策略，包括两步合成法前驱体转化和一步合成法原位掺杂，两步合成法包括沉淀法、溶胶‒凝胶法、恒流电解法等，一步合成法包括高压加热法、常压加热法等；总结ZnO纳米粉体掺杂导电机制，以及ZnO纳米粉体在透明导电氧化物膜、抗静电复合材料、防静电热控涂层方面的应用。【结论与展望】认为离子掺杂已成为调控晶体材料性能的有效手段，通过有效的掺杂可以对材料的性能进行连续地调控，从而获得适应具体应用场景的高性能材料；提出导电掺杂能拓宽ZnO应用，应探索制备大批量ZnO纳米粉体材料的液相掺杂策略，形成液相路线对于ZnO纳米颗粒的形貌和导电性的可调，提高液相法 杂质离子的掺杂效率、掺杂均匀性及批次稳定性，形成分子乃至原子层面对于液相合成过程和掺杂元素分布的有效分析手段，深入探讨合成和掺杂机制。

Abstract

Significance Due to its wide bandgap， excellent optoelectronic properties， ease of preparation， low cost， and environmental friendliness， nano-ZnO has been extensively researched and applied. Conductive-doped nano-ZnO， with its advantages of optical transparency， high conductivity， and low cost， has emerged as a potential alternative to indium tin oxide （ITO） and holds great promise in fields such as antistatic coatings and optoelectronic films. Synthesizing nano-ZnO materials with good structural morphology， high conductivity， and optical transparency is crucial for leveraging ZnO’s application potential.

Progress Intrinsic ZnO exhibits n-type conductivity due to its inherent defects. However， its poor conductivity limits its application in antistatic materials. The thermodynamically stable wurtzite phase of ZnO can be n-doped by substituting Zn with Al or Ga， which has been proven to significantly increase the carrier concentration in ZnO， thereby enhancing its optoelectronic properties. The review discusses the liquid-phase preparation strategies for doped ZnO nanopowders， including the two-step synthesis， i. e. ， precursor conversion method and the one-step synthesis， i. e. ， in-situ doping method. The precursor conversion method involves converting mixed precursors into doped ZnO through high-temperature calcination， though the hightemperature process is hard to control. In contrast， the in-situ doping method allows for the one-step preparation of ZnO nanopowders through hydrothermal， solvothermal methods， or water-zinc chemical reactions under normal pressure， without the need for high-temperature post-treatment. By analyzing the nucleation and growth conditions of ZnO and the chemical behavior of impurity ions， morphology control and doping can be achieved， offering the advantage of easy scalability.

Conclusions and Prospects Al and Ga doping can effectively enhance the optoelectronic properties of ZnO. Nano-ZnO materials with unique structural morphologies help leverage the performance advantages of ZnO. For instance， one-dimensional nanomaterials with a certain aspect ratio are conducive to forming conductive networks in coatings， enhancing antistatic performance. The in-situ liquid-phase doping strategy offers controllability over the morphology and performance of the powder particles. However， further in-depth research at the microscopic level is required to clarify the doping mechanism in liquid-phase reactions. By combining analytical techniques such as XRD， XPS， ICP-OES， SEM， and TEM， the thermodynamic and kinetic behavior of ions， molecules， and atoms can be explained， and the relationship between the chemical processes in solution and the physical properties of the resulting crystals and their intrinsic defects can be clarified. This will provide guidance for the preparation and performance control of nanopowder materials and broaden the application scope of ZnO nanoparticles.

Keywords：ZnO nanopowder； doping； liquid phase； transparent conductive oxide； thermal control coating

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