任克旗1 ，王 勇1 ，雷兵兵2a ，张江鹏2b ，刘 杰1，2ab
1. 石河子大学 水利建筑工程学院，新疆 石河子 832003；2. 新疆交通规划勘察设计研究院有限公司 a. 新疆维吾尔自治区山地交通基础设施灾害防治技术工程研究中心，b. 新疆高寒高海拔山区交通基础设施安全与健康重点实验室，新疆 乌鲁木齐 830000
任克旗，王勇，雷兵兵，等. 风积沙油污泥热解残渣泡沫轻质土性能分析［J］. 中国粉体技术， 2025， 31（2）：1-11.
REN Keqi， WANG Yong， LEI Bingbing， et al. Research on performance of foamed lightweight soil of aeolian sand and oil sludge pyrolysis residues［J］. China Powder Science and Technology， 2025， 31（2）：1−11.
DOI：10.13732/j.issn.1008-5548.2025.02.013
收稿日期：2024-08-26，修回日期：2024-11-25，上线日期：2025-02-24。
基金项目：国家自然科学基金项目，编号：51768062。
第一作者简介：任克旗（1998—），男，硕士生，研究方向为泡沫轻质土材料。E-mail：675437050@qq. com。
通信作者简介：王勇（1983—），男，副教授，硕士，硕士生导师，研究方向为道路建筑材料与特殊路基设计。E-mail：115167218@qq. com。
摘要：【目的】 制备环保经济且抗压强度较高的风积沙油污泥热解残渣泡沫轻质土（foamed lightweight soil of aeolian sand and oil sludge pyrolysis residues，简称 SOFS）材料，用于路基填筑。【方法】 以风积沙、油污泥热解残渣、水泥、复合发泡剂、水为原料制备SOFS，设计25组六因素五水平正交试验，通过流动度、28 d抗压强度试验和微观分析，对比各因素对SOFS的流动度、抗压强度和试件内部结构的影响，确定原料的最佳配合比。【结果】 风积沙掺量、油污泥热解残渣掺量、水固比对SOFS的流动度与无侧限抗压强度的影响较大；搅拌时间、发泡剂稀释倍数、泡沫与浆液体积比对SOFS的流动度影响较小，对抗压强度影响显著；微观分析表明风积沙和油污泥热解残渣均参与了水泥的水化反应，水化反应生成孔径均匀的水化硅酸钙凝胶，有助于提高材料的强度； SOFS最佳配合比为泡沫与浆液体积比为0. 8∶1，发泡剂稀释45倍，水固比为 0. 33∶1，搅拌时间为 100 s，油污泥热解残渣掺量为 120 g，风积沙掺量为 90 g。【结论】 最佳配合比制备的 SOFS符合城市快速路、高速公路、一级公路路面底面深度为0~0. 8 m的路基填筑规范要求，可以作为沙漠公路路基填筑材料。
关键词：风积沙；油污泥热解残渣；泡沫轻质土；无侧限抗压强度；流动度；微观分析
Objective To promote waste utilization and rational use of resources， aeolian sand and pyrolysis residues of oil sludge are selected as raw materials to produce a sustainable and economical foamed lightweight soil. The study analyzes the fluidity and unconfined compressive strength of foamed lightweight soil of aeolian sand and oil sludge pyrolysis residues （SOFS） to prepare an environmentally friendly subgrade filling material with high compressive strength.
Methods Foamed lightweight soil was prepared using aeolian sand， pyrolysis residues of oil sludge， cement， a composite foaming agent， and water as raw materials. 25 sets of orthogonal experiments with six factors and five levels were designed. The fluidity and 28-day unconfined compressive strength were evaluated to determine the influences of various factors and obtain the optimal mix ratio. X-ray diffraction （XRD） analysis was conducted to identify the ion components contained in various samples and assess the involvement of aeolian sand and oil sludge pyrolysis residues in the hydration reaction of cement. Electron microscope tests were used to examine the internal microstructures of test specimens， and the structural characteristics contributing to higher compressive strength were summarized.
Results and Discussion The content of aeolian sand， pyrolysis residues of oil sludge， and the water-solid ratio were found to have a greater impact on both the fluidity and unconfined compressive strength of the SOFS. The amount of aeolian sand affected fluidity due to the lack of cohesion in aeolian sand particles. Under the action of water flow and gravity， the slurry of the foamed lightweight soil tended to spread more easily. In contrast， the amount of oil sludge pyrolysis residues affected fluidity by reducing it because the sticky nature of these particles inhibited slurry spreading. The water-solid ratio also impacted fluidity. A higher water-solid ratio led to more water， which enhanced the driving force of the water， and consequently increased fluidity. Factors such as mixing time， dilution factor， and foam-to-slurry volume ratio had less impact on fluidity but significantly impacted compressive strength. The dilution factor of the foaming agent affected the foam size and its distribution in the slurry， thus affecting the compressive strength. The foam-to-slurry volume ratio mainly affected the porosity of the specimens， as higher porosity reduced the compressive strength. Moreover， water-solid ratio also influenced the impact of the admixture’s water absorption on the foam. A higher water-solid ratio minimized the effect of water absorption on the foam， allowing for a complete hydration reaction， which improved the compressive strength of the specimens. Moderate amounts of aeolian sand and oil sludge pyrolysis residues contributed to a denser structure， further improving the compressive strength of the specimens. Microscopic analysis showed that both aeolian sand and pyrolysis residues of oil sludge participated in the hydration reaction of cement， forming uniform C-S-H floccules with consistent pore sizes that improved the strength of the material. Based on these findings， the optimal mix ratio for the SOFS was determined to be as follows： a foam-to-slurry volume ratio of 0. 8∶1， a foaming agent dilution factor of 45 times， a water-solid ratio of 0. 33∶1， a mixing time of 100 s，120 g of pyrolysis residues， and 90 g of aeolian sand.
Conclusion The SOFS prepared with the optimal mix ratio achieves a wet density of 928 kg/m3，i.e.，wet unit weight of 9. 3 kN/m3，and a 28-day compressive strength of 3. 4 MPa， which exceeds the requirements for CF2.5 but falls below CF5. 0. The SOFS meets the specification requirements of a minimum compressive strength of 0.8 MPa and a minimum unit weight of 5 kN/m3 for subgrade filling within 0-0.8 m beneath urban expressways，highways，and first-class roads outlined in the Technical Specification for Foamed Mixture Lightweight Soil Filling Engineering（CJJ/T177—2012）.
Keywords：aeolian sand； oil sludge pyrolysis residue； foamed lightweight soil； unconfined compressive strength； fluidity； microscopic analysis
［1］刘雪雨，周国印，孔晓光，等. 新型赤泥基泡沫轻质土材料性能及应用［J］. 铁道建筑，2023，63（10）：118-123.
LIU X Y， ZHOU G Y， KONG X G， et al. Performance and application of new red mud-based foamed lightweight soil materials［J］. Railway Engineering，2023，63（10）：118-123.
［2］程冠之. 制备参数对泡沫轻质土工作性能和力学性能的影响［J］. 铁道建筑，2017，57（1）：56-60.
CHENG G Z. Influence of preparation parameters on working performance and mechanical behavior of foamed concrete［J］. Railway Engineering，2017，57（1）：56-60.
［3］高昌胜， 魏茂， 蒋文广， 等. 基于含油污泥热解残渣的路基材料制备与性能评价［J］. 硅酸盐通报， 2019， 38（6）：1895-1900.
GAO C S， WEI M， JIANG W G， et al. Preparation and performance evaluation of roadbed materials based on pyrolysis residue of oily sludge［J］. Bulletin of the Chinese Ceramic Society，2019，38（6）：1895-1900.
［4］王欣. 含油污泥热解后残渣物理特性分析［J］. 油气田地面工程，2023，42（5）：30-36.
WANG X. Analysis of physical characteristics of residues after pyrolysis of oily sludge［J］. Oil-Gas Field Surface Engineering， 2023，42（5）：30-36.
［5］欧孝夺， 彭远胜， 莫鹏， 等. 掺铝土尾矿泡沫轻质土的物理力学及水力特性研究［J］. 材料导报，2020，34（增刊1）：241-245.
OU X D， PENG Y S， MO P， et al. Study on the physical mechanical and hydraulic properties of foamed mixture lightweight soil mixed with bauxite tailings［J］. Materials Reports，2020，34（S1）：241-245.
［6］LIU C Y， LUAN K Y， SU J. Study on post-fire resistance of ceramsite foamed concrete sandwich composite slabs［J］. Structures，2023，58：105506.
［7］ALHARTHAI M， OTHUMAN MYDIN M A， CYRIAQUE KAZE R， et al. Properties of ultra lightweight foamed concrete utilizing agro waste ashes as an alkaline activated material［J］. Journal of Building Engineering，2024，90：109347.
［8］XIAO J Z， HAO L C， CAO W Z， et al. Influence of recycled powder derived from waste concrete on mechanical and thermal properties of foam concrete［J］. Journal of Building Engineering，2022，61：105203.
［9］ZHANG C， ZHU Z D， SHI L， et al. Compressive strength and sensitivity analysis of fly ash composite foam concrete： efficient machine learning approach［J］. Advances in Engineering Software，2024，192：103634.
［10］赵卫琪，方睿，周浩，等. 工业废料稳定路基土的无侧限抗压强度及环境影响评价［J］. 硅酸盐通报，2021，40（11）：3865-3875.
ZHAO W Q， FANG R， ZHOU H， et al. Unconfined compressive strength and environmental impact assessment of industrial waste stabilized roadbed soil［J］. Bulletin of the Chinese Ceramic Society，2021，40（11）：3865-3875.
［11］中华人民共和国住房和城乡建设部. 气泡混合轻质土填筑工程技术规程： CJJ/T 177—2012［S］. 北京： 中国建筑工业出版社，2012.
Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People’s Republic of China. Technical specification for foamed mixture lightweight soil filling engineering： CJJ/T 177—2012［S］. Beijing： China Architecture & Building Press，2012.
［12］姜云晖. 泡沫轻质土在加固深厚软土地基中的应用研究［D］. 成都：西南交通大学，2016.
JIANG Y H. Research on the application of foamed lightweight soil in reinforcing deep soft soil foundations［D］. Chengdu： Southwest Jiaotong University，2016.
［13］中华人民共和国住房和城乡建设部. 现浇泡沫轻质土路基设计施工技术规程： TJGF1001—2011［S］. 北京： 中国建筑工业出版社，2011.
Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People's Republic of China. Technical specification for design and construction of cast-in-place foamed lightweight soil subgrade： TJGF1001—2011［S］. Beijing： China Architecture & Building Press，2011.
［14］闫振甲，何艳君. 泡沫混凝土泡沫剂生产与应用技术［M］. 北京：中国建材工业出版社，2021.
YAN Z J， HE Y J. Production and application technologies of foaming agents for foamed concrete［M］. Beijing： China Building Material Industry Publishing House，2021.
［15］汤超，熊小伟，蔡文良， 等. 含油污泥热解残渣中热解炭的回收及应用研究［J］. 石油与天然气化工，2021，50（1）： 124-128，134.
TANG C， XIONG X W， CAI W L， et al. Recycling of pyrolytic carbon in oily sludge residues［J］. Chemical Engineering of Oil & Gas，2021，50（1）：124-128，134.
［16］李金灵，屈撑囤，朱世东，等 . 含油污泥热解残渣特性及其资源化利用研究概述［J］. 材料导报，2018，32（17）： 3023-3032.
LI J L， QU C T， ZHU S D， et al. Characteristics and reutilization of pyrolytic residues of oily sludge： an overview［J］. Materials Review，2018，32（17）：3023-3032.
［17］国家市场监督管理总局， 国家标准化管理委员会. 蒸压加气混凝土性能试验方法： GB/T 11969—2020［S］. 北京： 中国标准出版社，2020.
State Administration for Market Regulation， Standardization Administration of the People’s Republic of China. Test methods of autoclaved aerated concrete： GB/T 11969—2020［S］. Beijing： Standards Press of China，2020.
［18］纪小平， 刘杰， 董鑫泽， 等. 用于稳定尾渣路基填料的飞灰地聚合物制备与性能研究［J］. 中国公路学报， 2023， 36（10）：30-41.
JI X P， LIU J， DONG X Z， et al. Preparation and properties of fly-ash-based geopolymer for stabilizing tailing subgrade filler［J］. China Journal of Highway and Transport，2023，36（10）：30-41.
［19］张磊，谭潇，齐随涛. 含油污泥催化热解技术研究进展［J］. 现代化工，2021，41（9）：57-60.
ZHANG L， TAN X， QI S T. Research progress on catalytic pyrolysis of oily sludge［J］. Modern Chemical Industry，2021，41（9）：57-60.
