徐亮^1，2， 高敏²， 陈曦垚²， 支敏康²， 李文帅²， 王郭臣²， 袁琦³， 邵龙义⁴， 李卫军^2，5

1.中国计量大学 理学院， 浙江 杭州 310018； 2.浙江大学 地球科学学院， 浙江 杭州 310058； 3.中国海洋大学 环境科学与工程学院， 山东 青岛 266100； 4.中国矿业大学（北京） 地球科学与测绘工程学院， 北京 100083；5.中国气象局浙西山地暴雨野外科学试验基地， 浙江 杭州 310027

引用格式：

徐亮， 高敏， 陈曦垚， 等. 大气气溶胶单颗粒研究：从微观特性到大气环境效应［J］. 中国粉体技术， 2027， 33（2）： 1-17.

Xu Liang， Gao Min， Chen Xiyao， et al. Single-particle analysis of atmospheric aerosols：from microscopic properties to environmental effects［J］. China Powder Science and Technology， 2027， 33（2）： 1-17.

DOI：10.13732/j.issn.1008-5548.2027.02.013

收稿日期： 2026-07-21， 修回日期： 2026-09-17， 上线日期： 2026-10-09。

基金项目： 国家自然科学基金项目，编号：42561160138；中国气象局浙西山地暴雨野外科学试验基地项目，编号：ZXBYZD202601。

第一作者： 徐亮（1992—），男，副研究员，博士，硕士生导师，研究方向为大气气溶胶单颗粒。E-mail：xuliang@cjlu.edu.cn。

通信作者： 李卫军（1980—），男，研究员，博士，博士生导师，国家优秀青年科学基金获得者，研究方向为大气气溶胶单颗粒。E-mail：liweijun@zju.edu.cn。

摘要： 【目的】 为了系统梳理大气气溶胶单颗粒研究的发展脉络、技术体系及其在大气环境研究中的应用，对大气气溶胶单颗粒分析领域的相关研究进行综述，旨在系统归纳从颗粒微观特性到环境效应的研究成果与认识。【研究现状】 总结电子显微与能谱、单颗粒质谱及纳米二次离子质谱等技术的适用范围与互补关系，归纳颗粒形貌与成分、混合状态、吸湿性和光学性质研究；结合灰霾、长距离传输和云雾过程，阐释二次包裹、结构坍塌、相分离及液相反应对颗粒性质的影响，并总结分形维数、包裹厚度、嵌入比例和多核心结构等参数向光学计算和气候模型转化的进展。【结论与展望】单颗粒分析是连接气溶胶微观结构、大气演化过程和模型参数化的重要途径。当前仍受统计代表性、定量能力、二维向三维模型构建等方面限制，未来应加强多技术联用、自动识别、标准化数据库和面向模型的参数化应用。

关键词： 大气气溶胶； 单颗粒分析； 混合状态； 大气老化； 模型参数化

Abstract

Significance Atmospheric aerosols are highly heterogeneous populations in which individual particles differ in morphology， chemical composition， mixing state， hygroscopicity， and optical properties. Bulk measurements provide robust constraints on mass concentration， size distribution， and average composition， but cannot directly determine which species coexist within individualaerosolparticles， how they are spatially distributed， or how particle structure evolves during atmospheric processing. Single-particle analysis therefore serves as an essential bridge between population-averaged aerosol properties and particle-scale physicochemical processes.This reviewfollows aframework of “technical development-particle-scale properties-atmospheric processes-model parameterization”， with particular attention to studiesin East Asia and contributions from Chinese researchers. It aims to clarify how single-particle research has progressed from qualitative particle identification toward quantitative characterization of microstructure and model-relevant environmental effects.

Progress The historical development and major technical systems of single-particle analysis are summarized. Electron microscopy， especially scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and transmission electron microscopy （TEM） coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy （EDX）， established the basis for direct characterization of particle morphology， elemental composition， and internal structure. Since the 1990 s， online single-particle mass spectrometry， including aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometry （ATOFMS）， particle analysis by laser mass spectrometry （PALMS）， and single-particle aerosol mass spectrometer （SPAMS）， has developed in parallel with offline microscopy， enabling high-time-resolution tracking of particle types and chemical fingerprints. More recently， atomic force microscopy （AFM）， scanning transmission X-ray microscopy-near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure （STXM-NEXAFS） spectroscopy， nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry （NanoSIMS）， single-particle soot photometry， automated image analysis， and multimodal approaches have expanded the accessible information to include nanoscale chemical imaging， coating state， and three-dimensional structural reconstruction. These methods are complementary. Microscopy provides direct structural information but limited particle statistics， whereas online mass spectrometry provides large datasets and temporal resolution but limited quantification and no direct internal structural imaging.

Conclusions and Prospects Single-particle analysis has evolved from particle identification and classification toward quantitative characterization of microstructure， atmospheric transformation， and model constraint. Its distinctive value lies in resolving particle-to-particle heterogeneity hidden by bulk measurements and linking sources and aging processes to hygroscopic， cloud， chemical， and optical effects. Nevertheless， major bottlenecks remain， including limited particle statistics for high-resolution methods， imperfect quantification and structural information in online techniques， inconsistent sampling and classification protocols， possible alteration of semi-volatile components during vacuum analysis， and uncertainties in converting two-dimensional observations to three-dimensional structures and extrapolating local observations to regional or global populations. Future research should prioritize coordinated multimodal measurements， automated image and spectrum recognition， open and standardized single-particle databases， long-term observations across representative environments， and uncertainty-aware model parameterization. Greater integration of artificial intelligence with microscopy， spectroscopy， online mass spectrometry， particle-resolved modeling， and climate models is needed to convert descriptors such as fractal dimension， coating thickness， embedding fraction， phase separation， multicore structure， and coating composition intomodel variables. China’s diverse aerosol environments provide an important basis for developing regionally representative databases and advancing single-particle research toward quantitative constraints for air-quality and climate assessments.

Keywords： atmospheric aerosol； single-particle analysis； mixing state； atmospheric aging； model parameterization

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