于政宇， 苏延俐， 赵泓博， 赵丕琪
济南大学 山东省绿色与智能建筑材料重点实验室， 山东 济南 250022
引用格式：
于政宇， 苏延俐， 赵泓博， 等. 高强泡沫混凝土配合比优化及孔结构调控［J］. 中国粉体技术， 2026， 32（6）： 1-11.
Yu Zhengyu， Su Yanli， Zhao Hongbo， et al. Mix proportion optimization and pore structure regulation of high-strength foamed concrete［J］. China Powder Science and Technology， 2026， 32（6）： 1-11.
DOI：10.13732/j.issn.1008-5548.2026.06.016
收稿日期： 2026-07-13， 修回日期： 2026-09-13， 上线日期： 2026-10-08。
基金项目： 国家自然科学基金项目，编号：52572030；济南市科技计划项目，编号：202428053。
第一作者： 于政宇（1983—），女，博士，研究方向为水工材料。E-mail：st_yuzy@ujn.edu.cn。
通信作者： 赵丕琪（1987—），男，教授，博士，泰山学者青年专家、山东省杰出青年基金获得者、德国卡尔斯鲁厄青年学者，研究方向为特种与功能水泥基材料。E-mail：mse_zhaopq@ujn.edu.cn。
摘要： 【目的】 针对中高密度泡沫混凝土强度与收缩变形难以协同调控的问题，研究泡沫掺量、水胶比和砂胶比对泡沫混凝土宏观性能及孔结构的影响规律，揭示砂胶比通过浆体流变调控孔结构与性能的作用机制。【方法】 以P·O 52.5水泥、 石英砂和预制泡沫制备目标干密度约1 500 kg/m3的泡沫混凝土， 分别改变泡沫掺量、 水胶比和砂胶比， 通过干密度、抗压强度、 吸水率、 流变性能、 自收缩及图像法孔结构测试， 分析不同配合比的泡沫混凝土的性能与结构演化特征。【结果】 泡沫掺量增加会降低干密度，但易导致孔壁变薄和孔结构粗化，从而削弱抗压强度；降低水胶比可提高基体密实度，减少毛细孔和连通孔形成，进而提高强度并降低吸水率；适量石英砂可改善浆体流变和气孔包裹状态，并通过骨架约束作用抑制收缩；当泡沫掺量为1%、水胶比为0.20、砂胶比为1.0时，试件28 d抗压强度达到24.89 MPa，吸水率为3.16%，孔隙率为18.96%，168 h自收缩较纯水泥组降低67.4%。【结论】 泡沫掺量主要控制泡沫混凝土密度及承载能力，低水胶比有利于提高基体致密性，而适宜砂胶比可通过协调浆体流变、泡沫稳定性和骨架约束作用优化孔结构，实现力学强度、吸水性能与体积稳定性的协同调控。
关键词： 泡沫混凝土； 水胶比； 砂胶比； 抗压强度； 孔隙率
Abstract
Objective Medium- and high-density foamed concrete combines lightweight characteristics with relatively high load-bearing capacity，but achieving simultaneous optimization of strength and shrinkage remains challenging.Its macroscopic performance is also closely related to fresh-state rheology and pore structure.This study investigates the effects of foam content，water-to-binder ratio，and sand-to-binder ratio on the density，compressive strength，water absorption，rheological behavior，pore structure，and autogenous shrinkage of high-strength foamed concrete.Particular attention is given to the mechanism by which the sand-to-binder ratio regulates pore structure and overall performance through slurry rheology， foam encapsulation，particle packing，and skeleton restraint.
Methods Foamed concrete with a target dry density of approximately 1 500 kg/m3 was prepared using P·O 52.5 Portland cement， quartz sand， preformed foam， polycarboxylate superplasticizer， and water. The superplasticizer dosage was fixed at 0.3% of the binder mass.Foam contents of 1%， 2%， and 3%， water-to-binder ratios of 0.20， 0.25， 0.30， and 0.35，and sand-to-binder ratios of 0.8-1.4 were investigated using a single-factor control method. Dry density， compressive strength，water absorption， rheological properties， autogenous shrinkage， and pore structure were measured. The shear stress⁃shear rate curves were fitted using the Bingham model to obtain dynamic yield stress and plastic viscosity. Pore structure was quantified from cross-sectional images using ImageJ.
Results and Discussion Increasing foam content reduced the dry density but also weakened the load-bearing capacity of foamed concrete. When the foam content increased from 1% to 3%， the dry density decreased from 1 558 to 937 kg/m3， while the 28 d compressive strength decreased from 20.30 to 10.16 MPa. This was mainly attributed to the increased pore volume， thinner pore walls， and increased possibility of pore coalescence. The water-to-binder ratio also strongly affected matrix compactness. As the water-to-binder ratio increased from 0.20 to 0.35， the 28 d compressive strength decreased from 24.89 to 14.66 MPa. A lower water-to-binder ratio reduced excess free water and limited the formation of capillary and interconnected pores， thereby improving strength and reducing water absorption.
Conclusion Foam content primarily controls the density and load-bearing capacity of foamed concrete， while a low water-to-binder ratio improves matrix compactness and reduces water absorption. The sand-to-binder ratio is a key parameter linking fresh-state rheology with hardened pore structure and volume stability. An appropriate sand-to-binder ratio improves particle packing and foam stability， refines the pore structure， reduces water transport， and provides skeleton restraint against shrinkage. Excessive sand content， however， weakens paste continuity and increases structural defects. Therefore， the coordinated optimization of foam content， water-to-binder ratio， and sand-to-binder ratio is necessary to balance strength， water resistance， pore stability， and shrinkage control in high-strength foamed concrete.
Keywords： foamed concrete； water-to-binder ratio； sand-to-binder ratio； compressive strength； porosity
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