邵龙义¹， 樊素素¹， 曹亚鑫¹， 刘鹏举¹， 张代洲²， Jones T.P.³， 李卫军⁴， 杨书申⁵

1.中国矿业大学（北京） 地球科学与测绘工程学院， 北京100083；

2.Faculty of Environmental and Symbiotic Sciences，Prefectural University of Kumamoto， Kumamoto 862‑8502， Japan；

3.School of Earth and Environmental Sciences， Cardiff University， Cardiff CF10 3YE， Wales， UK； 

4.浙江大学 地球科学学院， 浙江 杭州 310058； 

5.中原工学院 智慧能源与环境学院， 河南 郑州 450007

引用格式：

邵龙义， 樊素素， 曹亚鑫， 等. 大气微塑料研究进展［J］. 中国粉体技术， 2027， 33（2）： 1-14.

Shao Longyi， Fan Susu， Cao Yaxin， et al. Research progress of atmospheric microplastics［J］. China Powder Science and Technology， 2027， 33（2）： 1-14.

DOI：10.13732/j.issn.1008-5548.2027.02.008

收稿日期：2026-07-21，修回日期：2026-08-20，上线日期：2026-09-11。

基金项目：国家自然科学基金项目，编号：42475113。

第一作者：邵龙义（1964—），男，教授，博士，博士生导师，研究方向为煤田地质学及环境毒理学。E-mail：ShaoL@cumtb.edu.cn。

摘要：【目的】厘清大气微塑料采集、提取及鉴定方法的适用性，突破标准化缺失对来源解析与健康风险评估的限制，并为建立标准检测体系提供科学依据。【研究现状】综述当前大气微塑料主流采集方法、提取技术及鉴定分析方法的优缺点，概括大气微塑料的来源解析、传输机制、时空分布特征及理化特性，总结大气微塑料潜在的环境与健康效应。【结论与展望】指出当前大气微塑料定量检测研究仍存在明显不足，方法不统一，不确定性大，结果难以相互比较；提出建立标准化检测方法是深入探究大气微塑料及其环境与健康效应亟待攻克的难题；认为亟须将大气微塑料作为气溶胶的重要组分列为常规监测污染物，可通过对微塑料的单颗粒表征技术更精准地厘清各类因素对其赋存特征的影响；微塑料环境效应及健康效应研究仍须进一步加强。

关键词：大气微塑料；理化特征；检测方法；环境效应；健康效应

Abstract

Significance Atmospheric microplastics（MPs）， as typical emerging anthropogenic pollutants， have attracted extensive attention worldwide. This research field covers advanced analytical chemistry， atmospheric monitoring， transport modeling， and health risk assessment. These studies are important for air quality management and pollution control. The reliable characterization and toxicity assessment of MPs are essential for environmental monitoring， source identification， and assessment of human exposure risks. Research on microplastics began decades ago， mainly focusing on aquatic systems. The atmosphere is now recognized as an important transport pathway. Many studies have reported MPs using different sampling and analytical methods， but these methods are not standardized. The generated data are often incomparable owing to discrepancies in sample collection， processing， and detection limits， as non-standardized experimental methods without unified quality assurance/quality control protocols can introduce high uncertainties and fail to produce comparable results.

Progress Studies on MPs have primarily focused on three key themes： sampling and analysis， source-transport-distribution patterns， and environmental and health effects. In 2015， Dris et al. first reported the atmospheric deposition of fibers in an urban area using passive sampling， representing one of the earliest research on quantifying airborne microplastics. Subsequently， active samplers with size‑selective inlets， such as PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ samplers， have been used to collect inhalable particles. For extraction and purification， density separation with ZnCl₂ or NaI solutions combined with oxidative digestion （e.g.， H₂O₂ and Fenton’s reagent） has become a commonly adopted approach. In 2019， Allen et al. demonstrated that microplastics could be transported over long distances via the atmosphere to a remote mountain site in the French Pyrenees. In terms of identification technologies for microplastics， micro-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy （μ-FTIR） and micro-Raman spectroscopy （μ-Raman） have remained mainstream technologies. Early research mainly relied on visual classification and μ-FTIR analysis， which led to subjective bias among operators. The use of automated μ-FTIR imaging technology has enabled the identification of microplastic particles as small as 10 μm， significantly improving particle counting accuracy. Raman imaging technology has further decreased the detection limit to approximately 1 μm， enabling the characterization and analysis of microplastics and nanoplastics. Thermal analytical methods， such as pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry （Py‑GC/MS） and thermal extraction‑desorption GC/MS （TED-GC/MS）， have been increasingly adopted for the mass‑based quantification of polymers. The physicochemical characteristics of MPs have been systematically summarized. Microplastics are mainly identified in the forms of fibers， fragments， films， and beads， with sizes ranging from submicron to several millimeters. Frequently identified polymer types include polyethylene terephthalate （PET）， polypropylene （PP）， polyethylene （PE）， and polyamide （PA）. Studies show that MPs can adsorb persistent organic pollutants （e.g.， PAHs and PCBs） and heavy metals. Spatially， the concentrations of microplastics are generally higher in indoor air than in outdoor air， and urban levels exceed those in rural and remote areas. Long-distance atmospheric transport has been confirmed， with microplastics detected in remote mountains and polar regions. Toxicological studies suggest that inhaled microplastics may induce oxidative stress， inflammation， and cell damage. Microplastics can directly affect climate and geochemical cycles. However， the combined effects of microplastics， additives， and adsorbed pollutants remain poorly understood.

Conclusions and Prospects The past decade has witnessed substantial progress in MPs research. New insights have been gained into global distribution， transport， and potential risks. However， most studies still involve non-standardized procedures and limited quality control. This weakens data comparability and prevents robust risk assessments. Future studies should focus on internationally compatible standards covering the whole process， from sampling to data analysis. Toxicity studies also require further improvement. Existing detection methods cannot simulate long-term microplastic inhalation under actual environmental conditions. Three priority directions are proposed： 1） establishing a standardized and effective methodological system covering all steps from sampling to identification； 2） clarifying the combined toxicological mechanisms of microplastics， additives， and adsorbed pollutants； 3） systematically assessing ecological and human health risks by integrating monitoring data， transport models， exposure factors， and toxicological dose–response relationships. These efforts will provide a scientific basis for future pollution mitigation and policy formulation.

Keywords： atmospheric microplastics； physicochemical characteristics； detection method； environmental effect； health effect

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