邹文奇， 刘卫卫， 刘艳， 高峡

北京市科学技术研究院 分析测试研究所（北京市理化分析测试中心）， 有机材料检测技术与质量评价北京市重点实验室， 人工智能全自动化实验系统北京市重点实验室， 新污染物风险控制北京市重点实验室， 北京 100089

引用格式：

邹文奇， 刘卫卫， 刘艳， 等. 微塑料治理模式由污染识别到系统管控转型的研究进展［J］. 中国粉体技术， 2027， 33（1）： 1-16.

Zou Wenqi， Liu Weiwei， Liu Yan， et al. Research progress of transformation of microplastic governance models from pollution identification to systematic control［J］. China Powder Science and Technology， 2027， 33（1）： 1-16.

DOI：10.13732/j.issn.1008-5548.2027.01.010

收稿日期： 2026-07-06， 修回日期： 2026-09-05， 上线日期： 2026-网上出版日期:09-23。

基金项目： 国家自然科学基金项目，编号 ：52504283；北京市科学技术研究院创新工程项目，编号 ：26CA007。

第一作者： 邹文奇（1991—），男，副研究员，研究方向为聚合物材料功能化改性及生物降解。E-mail：zouwenqi.2020@tsinghua.org.cn。

通信作者： 高峡（1972—），女，研究员，研究方向为材料分析测试方法。E-mail：gaoxia@bcpca.ac.cn。

摘要： 【目的】 梳理微塑料治理由末端检测向源头管控转变的内在逻辑，构建材料、释放、检测、毒理、标准和产品管理协同的技术框架。【研究现状】 当前微塑料研究仍受术语与方法差异、质量控制和标准物质不足、颗粒数与质量数据不等价等问题制约；比较国际标准化组织（International Organization for Standardization，ISO）、欧盟、美国和中国标准体系，明确各体系在横向原则、介质方法、产品释放测试和监管衔接方面的差异；将释放潜势细化为单位质量-面积-产品颗粒释放量、质量释放量、释放速率、粒径分布、老化条件、添加剂迁移量、碎片化-矿化关系及降解残留等指标，并结合轮胎6PPD-醌、洗衣微纤维过滤和农业地膜回收案例讨论源头控制的测试边界。【结论与展望】提出由材料设计、释放测试、智能检测、毒理验证、标准修订、产品准入和材料优化等环节构成的闭环流程；未来3~5 a，建议优先推进4方面工作：建立跨介质统一的检测标准与质量控制体系，研制自动化、智能化的检测装备，发展兼顾颗粒识别、化学组成与毒理效应的风险评价方法，开展低释放、低磨耗、低迁移绿色材料研发，为微塑料源头减排提供可验证、可比较的技术支撑。

关键词： 微塑料； 治理模式； 全生命周期； 检测标准； 人工智能； 风险评价

Abstract

Significance Microplastic pollution has evolved into a systemic challenge involving plastic design， product application， aging， environmental migration， exposure risks， and regulatory detection， rather than merely a task of identifying environmental particles. Conventional end-of-pipe detection only reveals the presence and quantity of microplastics but cannot clarify their sources， migration pathways， and key emission reduction links. Microplastics are released throughout the full life cycle of plastic products， including production， use， aging， recycling， and disposal， with release behaviors closely related to material formulations， product designs， and service conditions. Sole reliance on end-point monitoring fails to support source tracing， product market access regulation， and source reduction. Accordingly， it is essential to transform the governance model toward source control， full life cycle management， and risk-oriented regulation. This review elaborates the underlying logic of such transformation and explores feasible technical pathways for the coordinated development of materials science， analytical testing， standardization， toxicology， artificial intelligence， and high-end testing instruments. It aims to provide a systematic technical framework for microplastic source reduction， emerging pollutant control， and plastic pollution prevention in China.

Progress So far， three main directions of progress， i.e.， analytical method standardization， life‑cycle release assessment， and risk evidence chain construction， have been developed in microplastic governance， among which standardization has been the pioneering direction. In 2023， ISO published ISO 24187， which established minimum principles for sampling， preparation， and particle size classification but did not prescribe monitoring actions. In 2025， ISO 16094‑2 further provided vibrational spectroscopy guidelines for low‑suspended‑solids water and drinking water， while the ISO 4484 series covered textile washing loss and release mass determination. These mark the first horizontal principles in the microplastic field. Subsequently， different regional systems have been introduced to demonstrate regulatory linkages. The European Union adopted the JRC drinking water method via Decision （EU） 2024/1441， requiring tandem filtration， optical/chemical imaging， and spectral confirmation， and reporting number concentrations for 20 μm-5 mm particles and 20 μm-15 mm fibers. Meanwhile， REACH Regulation （EU） 2023/2055 restricted intentionally added synthetic polymer microparticles， linking measurement to product management. The United States followed NOAA manuals and ASTM standards （D8332， D8333， D8401， and D8402）， covering sampling， preparation， pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry quantification， and reference material preparation. However， all these systems remain limited by the lack of unified terminology， cross‑matrix methods， and quality assurance， while the Chinese national standard system， represented by the adoption of ISO 24187 （under approval） and the release of GB/T 47769.1—2026 and GB/T 47769.3—2026 for textile washing， remains at an early stage as of 2026.

Conclusions and Prospects Microplastic governance has advanced substantially over the past decade， enabling a range of new applications from environmental monitoring to product release testing and risk‑based regulation. Different mechanisms， e.g.， horizontal standards， matrix‑specific methods， and AI‑enhanced analytics， have been introduced into microplastic research to improve data quality and decision support. However， most of these approaches remain fragmented， including inconsistent terminologies， non‑comparable reporting units， and weak linkages between particle counts and chemical toxicity. These limitations weaken the evidence chain and prevent effective source control， especially at the interface between material design and environmental exposure. A closed loop of material design—release testing—intelligent detection—toxicological verification—standard revision—product market access—material optimization is proposed. It contains a data flow， a risk-based decision flow， and feedback from product performance， monitoring， and toxicology to material and method redesign.

Keywords： microplastic； governance model； full life cycle； detection standard； artificial intelligence； risk assessment

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