马嘉晖， 申芳霞

北京航空航天大学 能源与动力工程学院，北京 100191

引用格式：

马嘉晖， 申芳霞. 从起步到前沿：中国生物气溶胶研究进展与展望［J］. 中国粉体技术， 2027， 33（2）： 1-14.

Ma Jiahui， Shen Fangxia. From beginnings to frontiers： advances and prospects in bioaerosol research in China［J］. China Powder Science and Technology， 2027， 33（2）： 1-14.

DOI：10.13732/j.issn.1008-5548.2027.02.007

收稿日期： 2026-07-14， 修回日期： 2026-07-27， 上线日期： 2026-09-10。

基金项目： 国家重点研发计划项目，编号：2023YFC3708201；国家自然科学基金项目，编号：42375113；北京市自然科学基金-小米创新联合基金，编号：L253028&L233014；北京市科技新星计划，编号：20250484768。

第一作者简介： 马嘉晖（1996—），男，博士生，研究方向为生物气溶胶监测与健康效应。E-mail：jhma1996@buaa.edu.cn。

通信作者简介： 申芳霞（1988—），女，副教授，博士，博士生导师，北京市科技新星，研究方向为生物气溶胶检测监测和控制。E-mail：fxshen@buaa.edu.cn。

摘要： 【目的】 分析生物气溶胶研究由空气微生物监测向环境过程解析和暴露风险评价拓展的研究趋势，为针对生物气溶胶的环境管理提供科学依据和技术支持。【研究现状】 我国生物气溶胶研究由可培养微生物监测，逐步发展到分子检测、高通量测序、宏基因组分析、活性识别和功能解析；研究场景主要聚焦于典型环境和大气污染过程中生物气溶胶来源、组成变化、迁移转化及暴露风险方面的主要进展；研究对象则从活性微生物、潜在病原体拓展到过敏原和抗生素抗性基因等健康相关生物组分。【结论与展望】我国生物气溶胶研究已由早期浓度监测和类群描述，进入组成、活性、功能和暴露效应并重的阶段；未来研究仍须完善采样与样品处理流程，加强对低生物量样品质量控制，推进活性识别与监测、功能基因表达验证、在线监测和定量健康风险评价；提高不同研究结果的可比性和风险解释能力。

关键词： 生物气溶胶； 空气微生物； 采样检测技术； 大气污染过程； 健康风险

Abstract

Significance The objective of this review is to trace the development of bioaerosol research in China and summarize major advances in target components， analytical methods， emission sources and exposure settings， atmospheric processes， biological activity， and health-risk assessment. Methodological and knowledge gaps that hinder comparisons among studies， mechanistic interpretation， and quantitative risk assessment are also identified. Particular attention is given to the progression from culture-based air hygiene surveys to integrated analyses of community composition， activity， function， transport， exposure， and effects.

Progress Relevant Chinese- and English-language publications from 1986 to 2026 are retrieved from the China National Knowledge Infrastructure and the Web of Science Core Collection. Earlier landmark papers are also examined to provide historical context. Keyword co-occurrence networks are generated， and annual publication output and the global share of publications authored by Chinese researchers are analyzed. The literature is classified by historical stage， biological target， sampling and analytical method， environmental setting， atmospheric process， and health-related endpoint. Culture-based enumeration， quantitative polymerase chain reaction （qPCR）， droplet digital polymerase chain reaction （ddPCR）， high-throughput amplicon sequencing， shotgun metagenomics， fluorescence-based online monitoring， viability assays， ribosomal RNA-based analysis， and emerging single-cell activity measurements are compared in terms of information content and major limitations. Evidence from ambient air， hospitals， schools， public transport， wastewater and solid waste treatment facilities， livestock farms， haze episodes， and dust transport is synthesized. Limitations related to low-biomass sampling， contamination control， viability determination， functional verification， exposure quantification， and biological effect assessment are evaluated.

Conclusions and Prospects Bioaerosol research in China now forms a multidisciplinary field integrating air quality， environmental microbiology， atmospheric processes， and public health. Standardized， target-specific protocols for sampling， sample recovery， storage， and extraction are required， together with appropriate blank controls and recovery checks for low-biomass matrices. Minimum reporting requirements for sampler performance， sampling parameters， recovery efficiency， storage conditions， and absolute abundance are also needed to improve international comparability. Community composition， cellular activity， functional expression， inhaled dose， respiratory deposition， and biological effects need to be assessed within an integrated analytical framework. An integrated strategy is required in which high-efficiency enrichment， online or near-real-time sensing， on-site nucleic acid detection， multi-omics， trajectory and source analysis， exposure modeling， and toxicological or immunological verification are combined. These advances facilitate a transition from descriptive detection and hazard identification to mechanistic interpretation， quantitative risk assessment， early warning， and targeted prevention and control.

Keywords： bioaerosol； airborne microorganism； sampling and detection technique； atmospheric pollution process； health risk

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