吴红娥1, 费广涛2, 俞世雄1, 马庆蕊1, 谭光灿1
1.安徽工程大学 化学与环境工程学院, 安徽 芜湖 241000;2.中国科学院 合肥物质科学研究院, 固体物理研究所, 安徽 合肥 230031
引用格式:
吴红娥, 费广涛, 俞世雄, 等. 无铅钙钛矿材料的制备及应用研究进展[J]. 中国粉体技术, 2027, 33(1): 1-15.
Wu Hong’e, Fei Guangtao, Yu Shixiong, et al. Research progress on preparation and applications of lead-free perovskite materials[J]. China Powder Science and Technology, 2027, 33(1): 1-15.
DOI:10.13732/j.issn.1008-5548.2027.01.009
收稿日期: 2026-06-11, 修回日期: 2026-07-13, 上线日期: 2026-09-06。
基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目,编号:52503147;安徽工程大学人才培育科研启动基金项目,编号:S022022005;省级大学生创新创业训练计划项目,编号:S202510363266。
第一作者: 吴红娥(1982—),女,副教授,博士,硕士生导师,研究方向为光电材料。E-mail:hongewu@ahpu.edu.cn。
通信作者: 费广涛(1962—),男,研究员,博士,博士生导师,研究方向为光电材料。 E-mail:gtfei@issp.ac.cn。
摘要: 【目的】 为了解决铅基卤化物钙钛矿材料因毒性与稳定性不足而制约其规模化应用与产业化的问题,无铅钙钛矿材料作为环境友好型替代材料受到广泛关注;该材料具有结构多样性和光电性能可调性,为开发高性能、低毒性光电器件提供可持续路径。 【研究现状】 综述近年来无铅钙钛矿材料领域的最新研究进展,系统介绍无铅钙钛矿材料的结构分类、合成策略、应用现状及未来发展展望;归纳钙钛矿(AB(II)X3)、双钙钛矿(A2B(IV)X6,A2B(I)B(III)X6)及零维钙钛矿(A3B(III)2X9)等主要晶体结构体系的分类特征,揭示不同组成元素对形貌结构及光物理性能的影响;总结当前钙钛矿材料的主要的合成方法,包括高温热注射法、高温固相法、水热或溶剂热法、共沉淀法、配体辅助再沉淀法(ligand‑assisted reprecipitation,LARP)及微波辅助合成法;重点介绍无铅钙钛矿材料在光电与能源相关领域的应用进展:在太阳能电池方面,基于锑体系已实现较高的光电转换,展现出巨大潜力,但其在持续光照和常温常压条件下的运行稳定性仍落后于含铅器件;在发光二极管(light-emitting diodes,LEDs)方面,包括Cs3Cu2I5、掺杂Sb3+或Gd3+的Cs2AgInCl6以及稀土掺杂的双钙钛矿等多种无铅体系,部分能实现较高的光致发光量子产率,发射颜色范围从深蓝延伸至近红外。 【结论与展望】 提出当前无铅钙钛矿材料虽在上述领域展现出广阔的应用前景,但仍面临长期稳定性不足、光致发光量子效率偏低及高本征缺陷较多是限制其实际应用的主要问题。认为未来的研究应侧重于加深对缺陷化学与光物理机制的基本理解,尤其是陷阱态的本质及其在非辐射复合中的作用;开发新型元素组合与多维异质结构,以协同提升其性能与稳定性;开发高效的表面或界面钝化策略,以抑制缺陷并提高环境适应性。随着材料设计、合成方法和器件工程的持续创新,无铅钙钛矿材料有望成为绿色、高性能光电材料,在可持续能源转换与环境保护领域发挥重要作用。
关键词: 无铅钙钛矿; 钙钛矿; 双钙钛矿; 零维钙钛矿; 稀土掺杂; 光致发光; 缺陷化学; 光物理; 陷阱态
Abstract
Significance Due to the intrinsic toxicity and insufficient stability of lead-based halide perovskites, their large-scale application and industrialization are severely limited. Consequently, lead-free perovskite materials have attracted considerable attention as environmentally friendly alternatives. These materials exhibit diverse crystal structures and tunable optoelectronic properties, offering a sustainable pathway toward the development of high-performance and low-toxicity optoelectronic devices.
Progress This review summarizes the recent research progress in the field of lead‑free perovskite materials and systematically introduces their structural classification, synthesis strategies, application status, and future development prospects. First, the classification characteristics of major crystal structure systems, including AB(II)X3, A2B(IV)X6, A2B(I)B(III)X6, and A3B(III)2X9, are summarized, and the influence of different constituent elements on morphological structures and photophysical properties is revealed. Second, the main synthesis strategies for current perovskite materials are summarized, including high-temperature hot-injection, high-temperature solid-state, hydrothermal/solvothermal, co-precipitation, ligand-assisted reprecipitation (LARP), and microwave-assisted synthesis methods. Third, the application progress of lead-free perovskite materials in optoelectronics and energy-related fields is highlighted. In solar cells, stibium-based systems achieve relatively high photoelectric conversion efficiencies, showing great potential, but their operational stability under continuous illumination and ambient conditions remains inferior to that of lead-based devices. In light-emitting diodes (LEDs), various lead-free systems, including Csbased systems achieve relatively3Cu2I5, Sb3+- or Gd3+-doped Cs2AgInCl6, and rare-earth-doped double perovskites, achieve high photoluminescence quantum yields in some cases, with emission colors spanning from deep blue to near-infrared.
Conclusions and Prospects Although lead-free perovskite materials show broad application prospects in the above fields, they still face core challenges. Insufficient long-term stability, relatively low photoluminescence quantum yield, and a high density of intrinsic defects are the main obstacles to their practical application. Future research should focus on the following aspects: deepening the fundamental understanding of defect chemistry and photophysical mechanisms, especially the nature of trap states and their role in non-radiative recombination; developing new elemental combinations and multidimensional heterostructures to synergistically enhance performance and stability; and developing efficient surface or interface passivation strategies to suppress defects and improve environmental adaptability. With continued innovation in material design, synthesis methods, and device engineering, lead-free perovskite materials are expected to become green and high-performance optoelectronic materials that play a vital role in sustainable energy conversion and environmental protection.
Keywords: lead-free perovskite; perovskite; double perovskite; zero-dimensional perovskite; rare earth doping; photoluminescence; defect chemistry; photophysics; trap states
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