齐相华1,2, 王正宏2, 常圣泉2, 谷坤轮2, 王鹏1, 龚春慧1, 顾傲天1, 杨毅1
1.南京理工大学 环境与生物工程学院, 江苏 南京 210094; 2.辽宁庆阳特种化工有限公司, 辽宁 辽阳 111002
引用格式:
齐相华, 王正宏, 常圣泉, 等. 高能炸药颗粒保能降感策略与调控技术研究进展[J]. 中国粉体技术, 2026, 32(6): 1-17.
Citation:Qi Xianghua, Wang Zhenghong, Chang Shengquan, et al. Research progress in energy retention and desensitization strategies and regulation technologies for high-energy explosive particles[J]. China Powder Science and Technology, 2026, 32(6): 1-17.
DOI:10.13732/j.issn.1008-5548.2026.06.012
收稿日期: 2026-05-19, 修回日期: 2026-07-15, 上线日期: 2026-08-24。
基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目,编号: 52470120。
第一作者: 齐相华(2000—),男,博士生,研究方向为多孔材料在含能材料改性中的应用。E-mail:qxhnjust@163.com。
通信作者: 杨毅(1973—),男,研究员,博士,江苏省“333工程“、“六大人才高峰”培养对象,研究方向为功能材料。E-mail:yangyi@njust.edu.cn。
摘要: 【目的】 为了协调高能炸药能量密度与机械感度间的固有矛盾,开展高能炸药晶体颗粒表面包覆改性的设计策略与调控技术研究,构建多形式结构的纳米复合粉体,实现高能低感的高能炸药颗粒安全应用目标。【研究现状】 综述含能包覆材料、纳米碳材料、高分子聚合物及金属-有机框架4类复合降感技术的研究进展;概括基于热点理论的机械感度降感机制,分析包覆层在缓冲润滑、隔热散热及晶体缺陷抑制方面的作用机制;总结4类材料降感机制的侧重点:含能包覆材料以自身低感度特性为保护层同时兼顾能量保持;碳材料依靠导热导电快速分散热量与静电荷(避免聚集);聚合物利用黏弹性吸能形成柔性缓冲;金属-有机框架则凭借规则孔道实现分子级物理隔离;评述各类高能炸药复合粉体的设计策略、制备方法、降感效果及优缺点。【结论与展望】提出当前研究在高能低感炸药粉体长期稳定性评价、规模化可控制备、能量与感度协同优化及绿色化生产工艺等方面仍面临挑战;认为未来应重点关注多层级核壳结构设计、界面相容性调控及低成本连续化制备等方向,以推动高能炸药复合降感粉体的工程化应用。
关键词: 高能炸药; 降感; 表面包覆; 复合粉体; 多层级复合结构
Abstract
Significance The coordinated development of high energy density and low mechanical sensitivity in high-energy explosives has attracted considerable scientific and technological interest. It not only involves detonation performance optimization but also includes intrinsic safety assurance, making it promising for propellant formulation, warhead charging, safe storage, and battlefield deployment. Specifically, nitramine explosives represented by RDX, HMX, and CL-20 have been widely applied in solid propellants, high-performance warheads, insensitive munitions, and deep-well perforation operations due to their superior detonation velocity and pressure. The development of novel single-compound energetic materials with both high energy and low sensitivity has been pursued for several decades. In this century, nanotechnology and crystal engineering have provided an effective platform for tailoring the performance of existing energetic crystals, and numerous reports have focused on sensitivity reduction based on particle refinement and morphology control. However, such strategies cannot achieve a satisfactory balance between energy retention and safety margin because nanosized particles suffer from severe agglomeration and surface energy instability due to their ultrahigh specific surface area. As an alternative, surface coating modification for constructing core-shell-structured composite energetic particles with excellent interfacial design capability, functional versatility, and reliable structural tunability has become a widely investigated desensitization approach and a major research topic over the past decade.
Progress Desensitization via surface coating fundamentally relies on suppressing the formation and propagation of hot spots under mechanical stimuli through mechanical buffering, thermal dissipation,electrostatic dissipation, and surface defect passivation. The four categories of composite materials exhibit distinct yet complementary roles. Energetic coating materials, including insensitive explosives and energetic polymers, prioritize energy retention by providing a reactive protective shell that participates in detonation, with research advancing toward precision-controlled and uniform core-shell structures. Nanocarbon materials leverage their exceptional thermal and electrical conductivity to achieve multifunctional improvements at low filler loadings, with current efforts focusing on surface functionalization to enhance dispersion and interfacial compatibility. Inert polymers remain the industrial mainstay, contributing through viscoelastic energy absorption and robust physical isolation of crystals. Biomimetic adhesion strategies strengthen interfacial bonding in polymer-bonded explosives. Metal-organic frameworks offer molecular-level confinement within ordered nanopores, enabling precise physical isolation and enhanced electrostatic safety, while their derivative carbon skeletons integrate conductive networks for sensitive primary explosives. Collectively, the research trajectory reflects a shift from empirical formulation toward mechanism-guided hierarchical structural design to balance energy retention with enhanced safety.
Conclusions and Prospects The past decade has witnessed significant progress in the composite modification of high-energy explosives, enabling various strategies to address the inherent contradiction between energy density and mechanical sensitivity. Different material systems, including energetic coatings, nanocarbons, inert polymers, and metal-organic frameworks, are introduced into nitramine explosives to achieve effective sensitivity reduction while preserving detonation performance. However, most current studies focus primarily on laboratory-scale characterization of immediate desensitization efficacy, with insufficient attention paid to the long-term physicochemical evolution of composite particles under practical storage conditions, which weakens confidence in operational safety and limits reliable service-life prediction, especially at the industrial deployment scale. Furthermore, the scalable and cost-effective manufacturing of these advanced composite powders remains a major technological challenge, as the transition from batch-wise laboratory synthesis to continuous production faces challenges in quality consistency and process control. Additionally, the optimization of individual performance indicators frequently comes at the expense of other critical attributes, underscoring the need for systematic evaluation of trade-offs among energy output, sensitivity, and mechanical integrity. Therefore, the development toward environmentally sustainable and industrially viable preparation processes is an important future trend. In addition, the rational design and computational screening of tailored coating materials remain insufficient to meet the requirements of multi-component fluorocarbon or per fluorocarbon separation systems, which need to be improved through the integration of high-throughput simulation and machine learning methodologies. Parallel to the refinement of existing technologies, further investigation into long-term stability assessment and green manufacturing protocols is also an important direction.
Keywords: high-energy explosive; desensitization; surface coating; composite powder; multilevel composite structure
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