吴玉程1a，1b，1c， 朱晓勇1 a，1b，1c，汤俊宇1a，陈宇1a，姚刚2，罗来马1a，1b，1c，刘家琴3,4
1. 合肥工业大学 a. 材料科学与工程学院， b. 高性能铜合金材料及成形加工教育部工程研究中心， c. 有色金属与加工技术国家地方联合工程研究中心， 安徽 合肥 230009； 2. 内蒙古科技大学 材料科学与工程学院， 内蒙古 包头 014010；3. 安徽省先进复合材料设计与制造工程研究中心， 安徽 合肥 230050； 4. 北京化工大学 化学学院， 北京 100008
引用格式：吴玉程， 朱晓勇， 汤俊宇， 等. 高温耐热钨基复合粉体制备与特性的研究进展［J］. 中国粉体技术， 2026， 32（2）： 1-17.
WU Yucheng， ZHU Xiaoyong， TANG Junyu， et al. Research progress on preparation and properties of high-temperature resis⁃tant tungsten-based composite powders［J］. China Powder Science and Technology， 2026， 32（2）： 1−17.
DOI：10.13732/j.issn.1008-5548.2026.02.005
收稿日期： 2024-09-20， 修回日期： 2025-11-27， 上线日期： 2025-12-18。
基金项目： 国家重大研发计划项目， 编号： 2022YFE03140001、2022YFE03140004、2022YFE03030003、2019YFE03120002、2017YFE03000604； 国家自然科学基金国际（地区）交流与合作重点项目，编号：52020105014； 国家自然科学基金项目，编号：51474083、51672065、52501045； 国家“清洁能源新材料与技术”学科创新引智基地项目，编号：B18018。第一作者： 吴玉程（1962—）， 男， 教授， 博士生导师， 国家有突出贡献特殊津贴专家， 研究方向为聚变材料和有色金属材料与加工。E-mail：ycwu@hfut. edu. cn。
摘要： 【目的】 研究高温耐热钨（W）基复合粉体制备与特性，探讨制备钨基材料整个工艺流程最前端工序的特点，钨基块体材料的质量对最终其工程应用的影响，以及后续烧结及后续加工变形处理后钨基块体性能对钨基粉体的特性决定作用。 【研究现状】 综述不同种类钨基复合粉体的制备工艺，包括聚变装置用第二相掺杂钨基复合粉体、高端装备用W铼（Re）合金粉体、电子封装领域用W-铜（Cu）复合粉体；第二相掺杂钨基复合粉体主要包括W包覆第二相的核壳结构的设计与优化，W-Re合金粉体主要包括W与Re元素的均匀固溶分布，W-Cu复合粉体主要包括W包覆Cu复合粉体的结构设计与改进等的研究；掺杂第二相主要为氧化物氧化钇（Y2O3）、氧化镧（La2O3）、氧化锆（ZrO2）、氧化铪（HfO2）等，以及碳化物碳化钛（TiC）、 碳化锆（ZrC）、碳化铪（HfC）等，主要采用机械球磨和化学法制备相应粉体；W-Re合金粉体的制备方法分为机械法、混粉法和化学法；采用机械球磨、湿化学法、溶胶-凝胶法等方法，可获得具有优异烧结活性的纳米级W-Cu复合粉体，进而制备致密度高的W-Cu复合材料。 【结论与展望】 提出制备钨基粉体常用的方法，机械法的主要问题是长时间球磨可能产生杂质影响及粉体冷焊，化学法主要问题是制备过程中的副产物包含氨气及随着分解产生的氮氧化物，须要考虑环境保护问题；认为高质量钨基复合粉体是获得高性能钨材料的关键，因此钨基复合粉体结构及制备技术仍须进一步优化。
关键词： 钨基粉体； 核聚变装置； 第二相掺杂钨铼合金； 钨铜合金
Abstract
Significance Tungsten （W）-based composite powders play a crucial role in various high-tech fields such as aerospace， nuclear energy， and microelectronics due to tungsten's excellent properties， including high melting point， high density， and good ther⁃mal conductivity. This review aims to comprehensively summarize the research status of the preparation technologies of W-based composite powders and analyze their characteristics and existing problems， thereby providing a reference for the development of high-performance W-based materials.
Progress In the preparation of second-phase particle-doped W-based composite powders for fusion devices， mechanical ball milling is commonly employed. However， mechanical ball milling has certain drawbacks. Prolonged high-energy milling can lead to wear of the milling jar liner and balls， resulting in contamination of the composite powders. Moreover， extended milling time increases the surface energy of the powders， which accelerates sintering neck formation and excessive grain growth during sintering. Chemical methods for preparing second-phase particle-doped W-based composite powders mainly include solidliquid doping and liquid-liquid doping. Solid-liquid doping is typically applied in carbide dispersion strengthened （CDS） W materials but faces challenges due to the reaction between carbides with oxygen during sintering. In contrast， liquid-liquid dop⁃ing is commonly used for oxide dispersion-strengthened （ODS） W materials. In recent years， various chemical methods have been developed， such as wet chemical methods， sol-gel processes， freeze-drying， and hydrothermal methods. Although these chemical methods can produce ODS-W-based composite powders with excellent microstructures， environmental concerns regard⁃ing ammonia and nitrogen oxides must be addressed in large-scale production. For W-rhenium （Re） alloy powders designed for high-end equipment， the primary goal is to achieve a uniform solid solution distribution of W and Re. Mechanical methods still struggle with uneven alloying. Mixed methods， including solid-solid and solid-liquid doping， are widely used. Among these， solid-liquid doping can achieve better dispersion and more uniform distribution of W and Re compared to solid-solid doping. However， for W powders with high Re content， uniformity remains insufficient. Chemical methods using ammonium metatung⁃state and ammonium perrhenate as raw materials， in combination with processes such as co-precipitation， sol-gel， and spray drying， are gradually emerging as new approaches to prepare uniform， ultrafine W-Re alloy powders. However， due to the dif⁃fering reduction characteristics of W and Re powders， issues of compositional uniformity persist. In the preparation of W-copper （Cu） composite powders， both mechanical and chemical methods are employed to enhance the sintering activity. However， mechanical alloying often leads to severe powder agglomeration and introduces impurities such as manganese and iron， adversely affecting the conductivity and thermal conductivity of W-Cu composites. Chemical methods， including electroless plating， solgel processes， co-precipitation， and wet chemical methods， can effectively improve sintering activity. Subsequent studies have shown that the addition of silver can enhance the density and performance of W-Cu composites. Overall， each method for prepar⁃ing W-based composite powders has their advantages and disadvantages.
Conclusions and Prospects In summary， current preparation methods for W-based composite powders exhibit distinct advan⁃tages and disadvantages. Future research should focus on optimizing preparation processes to enhance powder quality and perfor⁃mance. For second-phase particle-doped W-based composite powders， the exploration of more environmentally friendly chemi⁃cal methods and better control over second-phase particle distribution is essential. For W-Re alloy powders， addressing compo⁃nent uniformity， particularly in high-Re content powders， is crucial. In the preparation of W-Cu composite powders， efforts should be directed toward improving plating quality in chemical methods and minimizing impurities in mechanical methods. With the continuous development of related industries， the demand for high-performance W-based materials is expected to grow， indicating broad prospects for research in W-based composite powder preparation technologies.
Keywords： tungsten-based powder； nuclear fusion device； second-phase particle-doped tungsten-rhenium alloy； tungstencopper alloy
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