高 嵬¹， 陆丁丁¹， 刘 阳¹， 黄 浩²， 余 杰²， 王李捷¹， 熊雯雯³， 王怀智⁴， 丁学锋¹

1.湖南科技大学 机电工程学院， 湖南 湘潭 411201； 2. 江麓机电集团有限公司， 湖南 湘潭 411100；3. 湖南省科学技术信息研究所， 湖南 长沙 410001； 4. 国家工矿电传动车辆质量监督检验中心， 湖南 湘潭 411201

引用格式：高嵬， 陆丁丁， 刘阳， 等. 激光粉末沉积钛基复合材料B₄C-TA15的显微组织和力学性能［J］. 中国粉体技术， 2026， 32（2）： 1-12. GAO Wei， LU Dingding， LIU Yang， et al. Microstructure and mechanical properties of B₄C-TA15 composites prepared by laser powder deposition［J］. China Powder Science and Technology， 2026， 32（2）： 1−12

收稿日期： 2024-03-24， 修回日期： 2024-06-03， 上线日期： 2025-12-03

基金项目： 国家自然科学基金项目， 编号： 52105334； 湖南省重点研发计划项目， 编号： 2022GK2043； 湖南省自然科学基金项目， 编号：2023JJ60549，2022JJ20025。

第一作者： 高嵬（1999—），男，硕士生，研究方向为激光增材制造钛基复合材料等。E-mail：18356698440@163.com。

通信作者： 刘阳（1988—），男，教授，博士，博士生导师，湖南省优秀青年基金获得者、湖南省青年科技人才、湖湘青年英才，研究方向为激光增材制造技术及应用、高温结构材料等。E-mail：liuyang7740038@163.com。

摘要： 【目的】 分析激光粉末沉积（laser powder deposition，LPD）钛基复合材料B4 C-TA15的显微组织，揭示B₄ C-TA15复合材料的双相强化机制。【方法】 采用X射线衍射、场发射扫描电子显微镜、场发射透射电子显微镜等对钛合金（TA15）和B₄ C-TA15的微观结构进行研究，在温度为600 ℃时进行TA15拉伸实验，对B₄ C-TA15的高温力学性能进行评估。【结果】 在温度为600 ℃时，TA15的极限抗拉强度为653 MPa；B₄ C-TA15 表现出更高的力学强度，极限抗拉强度为803 MPa，与TA15合金相比提升了22.97%。【结论】 基体中的硼化钛（TiB）和碳化钛（TiC）遏制了TA15的高温软化，从而达到强化基体的效果；B₄ C-TA15的强化机制主要包括TiB和TiC所产生的承载强化和位错强化以及吸收增强相诱导的细晶强化。

关键词： 钛基复合材料； 显微组织； 高温力学性能； 强化机制

Abstract 

Objective　Titanium alloys are widely used in critical load-bearing components and engine structures in aerospace due to their excellent mechanical properties, such as high specific strength, good creep resistance, and wear resistance. With the development of aviation and military industries, the new generation of supersonic aircraft has attracted significant attention due to its increased flight speeds. The acceleration process of the aircraft imposes stringent requirements on both engine thrust and thrust‑to‑weight ratios, inevitably resulting in a rise in the engines' operating temperature. Therefore, developing titanium alloys with exceptional high‑temperature resistance is crucial to meet the needs of high-performance aero-engines. The incorporation of hard strengthening phases, such as B₄ C, TiC, SiC, TiB, and Ti₅ Si₃ , which possess high strength, superior high‑temperature resistance, and good wear resistance, is one of the effective approaches to enhance the high‑temperature mechanical properties of titanium alloys. Laser powder deposition (LPD) is a new type of metal additive manufacturing technology, characterized by its ability to directly prepare complex metal components with excellent mechanical properties and high density. In this process, metal parts are manufactured layer by layer based on a solid three‑dimensional model. The metal powder is initially melted by a high‑energy density laser onto a metal substrate, forming a molten pool, which is then cooled and solidified. This process is repeated with preset models and parameters until a complete three‑dimensional component is formed. LPD has introduced a new technique for the preparation and forming of metal parts, such as titanium matrix composites, addressing challenges in manufacturing difficult‑to‑produce metal parts for aerospace and other fields. However, at present, the microstructure and high‑temperature strengthening mechanisms of titanium matrix composites prepared by LPD still remain unclear. Therefore, it is necessary to explore how the reinforcing phases influence the microstructure and high‑temperature mechanical properties of these composites.

Methods　B₄ C-TA15 composites prepared by LPD were studied and compared with TA15 alloys to clarify the complex relationship between microstructure and high‑temperature mechanical properties. Firstly, B₄ C-TA15 composites with suitable shapes were prepared using a mixture of B₄ C and TA15 powders under appropriate parameters through the LPD process. Subsequently, the morphology, grain structure, and interface bonding of the composites were assessed using microstructure characterization methods to explore their microstructural evolution. The tensile properties of the experimental samples were tested at 600 ℃ to evaluate their high‑temperature performance. Finally, the strengthening mechanisms of the composites prepared by LPD were investigated by establishing correlations between microstructure and high‑temperature mechanical properties.

Results and Discussion　According to the experimental results, a composite material with TiB and TiC reinforcing phases nonuniformly distributed within the TA15 matrix was successfully synthesized through low‑energy ball milling and the LPD process, with a B₄ C content of 3%. The incorporation of TiB and TiC hard reinforcing phases in the B₄ C-TA15 composites significantly changed the grain morphology and size of the titanium matrix, transitioning from slender, plate-like grains to near‑equiaxial, square grains. The grain size of the B₄ C-TA15 composites was significantly reduced compared to that of the TA15 alloys. Additionally, the TiB and TiC phases were well bonded to the TA15 matrix, creating a clean and smooth bonding interface, showing a good strengthening effect. The B₄ C-TA15 composites demonstrated excellent high‑temperature strength while maintaining good toughness and plasticity. Specifically, the tensile strength of the TA15 titanium alloy at 600 ℃ was measured at 653 MPa, whereas the B₄ C-TA15 composite was 803 MPa at the same temperature, marking a 22.97% increase compared to the TA15 alloy under the same tensile conditions.

Conclusion　The TiB and TiC reinforcements in the B₄ C-TA15 composites exhibit a non‑uniform distribution, resulting in a heterogeneous structure characterized by regions with rich and poor reinforcements. In regions with poor reinforcements, the dislocation slip generated by the matrix is effectively impeded by the regions with rich reinforcing phases, leading to a significant “dislocation pinning” effect. This effect induces stress concentration, thereby enhancing the material’s strength. The primary high‑temperature strengthening mechanisms of B₄ C-TA15 include bearing and dislocation strengthening of in‑situ formed TiB and TiC, along with fine grain strengthening facilitated by reinforcing phases. In addition, TiB and TiC reinforcements increase the service temperature of the material, inhibiting softening of the titanium matrix at high temperatures, and significantly improving the hightemperature mechanical properties of the composites.

Keywords： titanium matrix composite； microstructure； high-temperature mechanical property； reinforcement mechanism

参考文献（References）

［1］POLLOCK T M. Alloy design for aircraft engines［J］. Nature Materials， 2016， 15（8）： 809-815.

［2］ZAGHARI B， WEDDELL A S， ESMAEILI K， et al. High-temperature self-powered sensing system for a smart bearing in an aircraft jet engine［J］. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement， 2020， 69（9）： 6165-6174.［3］刘世华， 张宝才， 谢隋杰， 等. 增材制造钛合金飞机结构维修件力学性能试验研究［J］. 机械强度， 2023， 45（6）： 1340-1347. LIU S H， ZHANG B C， XIE S J， et al. Experimental research on mechanical properties of titanium alloy aircraft structure maintenance parts by additive manufacturing［J］. Journal of Mechanical Strength， 2023， 45（6）： 1340-1347.

［4］CHEN Y， LI S H， LI Y F， et al. Constitutive modeling of TA15 alloy sheet coupling phase transformation in non-isothermal hot stamping process［J］. Journal of Materials Research and Technology， 2021， 12： 629-642.

［5］MA Q， WEI K， XU Y， et al. Exploration of the static softening behavior and dislocation density evolution of TA15 titanium alloy during double-pass hot compression deformation［J］. Journal of Materials Research and Technology，2022，18： 872-881.

［6］YUAN J J， FAN Q B， YANG L， et al. Effect of Ti5 Si3 on the wear properties of Ti-3Si−1. 5Fe-1Mo titanium alloy with ultrahigh hardness［J］. Journal of Materials Research and Technology， 2022， 20： 1-6.

［7］CAI C， RADOSLAW C， ZHANG J L， et al. In situ preparation and formation of TiB/Ti−6Al−4V nanocomposite via laseradditive manufacturing： microstructure evolution and tribological behavior［J］. Powder Technology， 2019， 342： 73-84.

［8］HAN C J， BABICHEVA R， CHUA J D Q， et al. microstructure and mechanical properties of （TiB+TiC）/Ti composites fabricated in situ via selective laser melting of Ti and B4 C powders［J］. Additive Manufacturing， 2020， 36： 101466.

［9］徐丽娟， 孙佑， 郑云飞， 等. 铸态（TiB+TiC）/Ti1100复合材料高温拉伸性能及蠕变行为［J］. 中国有色金属学报， 2023，33（1）： 27-39. XU L J， SUN Y， ZHENG Y F， et al. High temperature tensile properties and creep behavior of as-cast（TiB+TiC）/Ti1100 composite［J］. The Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals， 2023， 33（1）： 27-39.

［10］WANG H W， QI J Q， ZOU C M， et al. High-temperature tensile strengths of in situ synthesized TiC/Ti-alloy composites［J］. Materials Science and Engineering： A， 2012， 545： 209-213.［11］张兰， 陈梓轩， 马会中， 等. SPS原位制备Ti（C， N）/TC4复合材料的组织和性能研究［J］. 航空制造技术， 2022， 65（16）： 98-103. ZHANG L， CHEN Z X， MA H Z， et al. Microstructure and properties of in situ synthesized Ti（C， N）/TC4 Composites by SPS［J］. Aeronautical Manufacturing Technology， 2022， 65（16）： 98-103.

［12］李少龙， 李树丰， 张鑫， 等. 粉末冶金TC4−B4 C原位反应制备TiC+TiB增强TC4基复合材料的显微组织和力学性能［J］. 中国有色金属学报， 2023， 33（6）： 1769-1783. LI S L， LI S F， ZHANG X， et al. Microstructure and mechanical properties of TiC+TiB reinforced TC4 matrix composites prepared by in situ reaction of powder metallurgy TC4−B4 C［J］. The Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals， 2023， 33（6）： 1769-1783.

［13］FEREIDUNI E， GHASEMI A， ELBESTAWI M. Selective laser melting of hybrid ex-situ/in situ reinforced titanium matrix composites： laser/powder interaction， reinforcement formation mechanism， and non-equilibrium microstructural evolutions［J］. Materials & Design， 2019， 184： 108185.

［14］陈斌， 高翔， 王欢， 等. 网状构型TiBw/TA15复合材料700 ℃高温变形与断裂行为［J］. 材料科学与工程学报， 2022， 40（2）： 199-204. CHEN B， GAO X， WANG H， et al. High temperature deformation and fracture behavior of TiBw/TA15 composite with network architecture at 700 ℃［J］. Journal of Materials Science and Engineering， 2022， 40（2）： 199-204.

［15］刘阳， 徐靖， 宁挺， 等. 激光粉末床熔融Inconel718合金工艺优化与组织演变［J］. 中国粉体技术， 2024， 30（1）： 2335. LIU Y， XU J， NING T， et al. Process optimization and microstructure evolution of Inconel718 alloy by laser powder bed fusion［J］. China Powder Science and Technology， 2024， 30（1）： 23-35.

［16］杨启云， 吴玉道， 沙菲， 等. 选区激光熔化用Inconel625合金粉末的特性［J］. 中国粉体技术， 2016， 22（3）： 27-32. YANG Q Y， WU Y D， SHA F， et al. Characteristic of Inconel625 alloy powders used in selective laser melting［J］. China Powder Science and Technology， 2016， 22（3）： 27-32.

［17］HU Y B， CONG W L， WANG X L， et al. Laser deposition-additive manufacturing of TiB−Ti composites with novel threedimensional quasi-continuous network microstructure： effects on strengthening and toughening［J］. Composites Part B： Engineering， 2018， 133： 91-100.

［18］ZHOU Z G， LIU Y Z， LIU X H， et al. High-temperature tensile and creep properties of TiB-reinforced Ti6 Al4 V composite fabricated by laser powder bed fusion［J］. Materials Characterization， 2023， 200： 112859.

［19］QI L C， QIAO X L， HUANG L J， et al. Effect of cold rolling deformation on the microstructure and properties of Ti−10V− 2Fe−3Al alloy［J］. Materials Characterization， 2019， 155： 109789.

［20］杨怡婷， 赵秦阳， 贾致远， 等. 冷轧对CT20钛合金微观组织和力学性能的影响［J］. 中国有色金属学报， 2023， 33（8）： 2593-2607. YANG Y T， ZHAO Q Y， JIA Z Y， et al. Effect of cold rolling on microstructure and mechanical properties of CT20 titanium alloy［J］. The Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals， 2023， 33（8）： 2593-2607.

［21］MOHAN SAI KIRAN KUMAR YADAV NARTU， MANTRI S A， PANTAWANE M V， et al. In situ reactions during direct laser deposition of Ti−B4 C composites［J］. Scripta Materialia， 2020， 183： 28-32.

［22］AICH S， RAVI CHANDRAN K S. TiB whisker coating on titanium surfaces by solid-state diffusion： synthesis， microstructure， and mechanical properties［J］. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions：A， 2002， 33（11）： 3489-3498.

［23］WANG S， HUANG L J， AN Q， et al. Strength-ductility synergy of in situ TiB/Ti6 Al4 V composites with tailored hierarchicalTiB distributions［J］. Ceramics International， 2022， 48（23）： 35069-35075.

［24］HUANG L J， GENG L， LI A B， et al. In situ TiBw/Ti-6Al-4V composites with novel reinforcement architecture fabricated by reaction hot pressing［J］. Scripta Materialia， 2009， 60（11）： 996-999.

［25］KAMALI H， XIE H B， JIA F H， et al. Microstructure and texture evolution of cold-rolled low-Ni−Cr−Mn−N austenitic stainless steel during bending［J］. Journal of Materials Science， 2021， 56（10）： 6465-6486.

［26］CHEN Y Q， XU J B， PAN S P， et al. Effects of initial orientation on microstructure evolution of aluminum single crystals during hot deformation［J］. Materials Science and Engineering： A， 2023， 883： 145502.

［27］WANG Q， ZHANG Z H， LIU L J， et al. In situ manipulation of TiB whisker orientation and investigation of its hightemperature mechanical properties in titanium matrix composites［J］. Composites Part B： Engineering， 2024， 271： 111165.

［28］DENG K K， SHI J Y， WANG C J， et al. Microstructure and strengthening mechanism of bimodal size particle reinforced magnesium matrix composite［J］. Composites Part A： Applied Science and Manufacturing， 2012， 43（8）： 1280-1284.

［29］GOH C S， WEI J， LEE L C， et al. Properties and deformation behaviour of Mg-Y2 O3 nanocomposites［J］. Acta Materialia，2007， 55（15）： 5115-5121.

［30］LI S L， LI S F， LIU L， et al. High temperature softening mechanism of powder metallurgy TA15 alloy［J］. Materials Science and Engineering： A， 2023， 877： 145160.

［31］YU H Y， LIANG W P， MIAO Q， et al. Improvement of plasma carbonitriding modified layer on TA15 surface by RASPassisted DGPSA treatment［J］. Vacuum， 2022， 206： 111499.

［32］YANG J H， CHEN Y Y， XIAO S L， et al. High temperature tensile properties， deformation， and fracture behavior of a hybrid-reinforced titanium alloy composite［J］. Materials Science and Engineering ： A， 2020， 788： 139516.

［33］冯养巨. TiBw柱状网络增强钛基复合材料制备及强化机理研究［D］. 哈尔滨： 哈尔滨工业大学， 2018. FENG Y J. Research on the fabrication and strengthening mechanism of TiBw reinforced columnar structure TMCs［D］. Harbin： Harbin Institute of Technology， 2018.

［34］LI S F， KONDOH K， IMAI H， et al. Strengthening behavior of in situ-synthesized （TiC−TiB）/Ti composites by powder metallurgy and hot extrusion［J］. Materials & Design， 2016， 95： 127-132.

［35］YU J S， ZHAO Y Q， ZHANG W， et al. A novel heterogeneous network structure titanium matrix composite with a combination of strength and ductility［J］. Materials Science and Engineering： A， 2022， 840： 142954.

［36］CAO L， CHEN B， WAN J， et al. Superior high-temperature tensile properties of aluminum matrix composites reinforced with carbon nanotubes［J］. Carbon， 2022， 191： 403-414.