1. 青岛科技大学 化工学院，山东 青岛266042；2. 贵州梅岭电源有限公司 特种化学电源全国重点实验室，贵州 遵义563000
朱晓东，唐丽君，吴娇，等. 三维锌阳极在水系锌离子电池中的研究进展［J］. 中国粉体技术，2026，32（1）：1-9.
ZHU Xiaodong， TANG Lijun， WU Jiao， et al. Research progress on three-dimensional zinc anodes in aqueous zinc-ion batteries［J］. China Powder Science and Technology，2026，32（1）：1−9.
DOI：10.13732/j.issn.1008-5548.2026.01.005
收稿日期：2024-12-13，修回日期：2025-05-22，上线日期：2025-09-29。
基金项目：国家自然科学基金项目，编号：22379082；山东省自然科学基金项目，编号：ZR2024MB062；山东省泰山学者工程项目，编号：tsqn201909119。
第一作者简介：朱晓东（1979—），男，教授，博士，博士生导师，泰山学者青年专家，研究方向为电化学储能与转化。E-mail：xiao-dong_zhu@qust. edu. cn。
通信作者简介：高健（1987—），男，副教授，博士，硕士生导师，研究方向为先进微型能源器件与新型水系电池。E-mail：gaojian@qust. edu. cn。
摘要：【目的】为了解决水系锌离子电池中锌金属阳极存在的枝晶生长、析氢反应以及锌金属腐蚀等副反应，研究可以实现水系锌离子电池的高可逆性和稳定循环性能，进一步促进水系锌离子电池实现更广泛的商业应用。【研究现状】概括锌阳极在锌离子水溶液中的储能机制，综述水系锌离子电池中三维锌阳极的设计构型、枝晶的抑制作用机制及其电化学性能等方面的研究进展。【结论与展望】提出不同三维锌阳极的构建策略，认为构建三维锌阳极是显著提高电化学性能的有效策略，能够解决锌阳极存在的枝晶生长、析氢反应以及锌金属腐蚀等问题。
Significance Energy storage, including mechanical, electromagnetic, and electrochemical energy storage, has garnered substantial scientific and technological attention due to its great application potential in material processing, chemical and biomolecular sensing, security, and other industrial sectors. Specifically, electrochemical energy storage is largely employed in aerospace, power systems, electric vehicles, and portable electronic products, owing to their mature technology and broad commercial applicability. In the past decades, electrochemical energy storage devices have advanced substantially, accelerated by machine learning-assisted material discovery and advanced operando characterization techniques. These innovations have provided an ideal platform for lithium-ion battery (LIB) research and numerous studies have been conducted on cathode and anode materials. However, LIBs still fail to offer truly sustainable and universally accessible energy storage solutions， primarily because of unresolved safety concerns and environmental issues. In this context, aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) have emerged as a highly promising alternative. AZIBs are renowned for their excellent safety, abundant resource availability, and reliable chemical stability. These advantages make them a focal research topic for energy storage in recent years.
Progress To date, three primary interface-regulation mechanisms have been developed for Zn anodes in AZIBs: (1) regulating Zn deposition/stripping kinetics, (2) selective orientation growth of crystal planes, and (3) constructing artificial solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layers. The earliest approach, uniform Zn deposition via a 3D porous structure, was first introduced in 2014 by Debra R. Rolison et al. , who created a 3D zinc sponge anode from zinc powder and emulsion. This anode featured a porous, integral， and aperiodic structure. Subsequently, different 3D Zn sponge anodes were introduced into AZIBs with improved cycle stability and safety. However, all these anodes were constrained by connectivity loss in powder-composite electrodes, leading to localized high current density and dendrite formation, as reported by Chamoun et al. using hyper-dendritic nanoporous Zn foam. In 2019, the technique evolved to plated Zn anodes on different substrates. Su et al. introduced holey metal nanotube membranes as high-performance electrode scaffolds for energy storage. Since then, numerous efforts have been made to optimize 3D Zn anodes through SEI engineering, alloying strategies, and 3D printing. A notable achievement was reported by Zhang et al. , where a new type of 3D Zn anode was fabricated by combining 3D printing, chemical deposition, and electrodeposition. More recently, in 2022, Gu et al. designed a surface-engineered forest-like 3D Zn-Cu alloy anode in dual-cation electrolytes, which effectively regulated plating/stripping kinetics and inhibited dendrite growth on the anode surface. Subsequently， the Zn alloys were applied in AZIBs. To simplify the electroplating process, Fan et al. used an alternative 3D Zn-Sn-Pb alloy anode to establish a single Zn metal anode that eliminated both dendritic growth and corrosion reactions.
Conclusions and Prospects The past decade has seen great progress in AZIBs, enabling a range of new applications. Different mechanisms, such as 3D porous structures, surface-coating technologies, and Zn alloying strategies, have been incorporated into the 3D Zn anode design with optimized cycle stability and safety. However, traditional Zn anode systems still suffer from uncontrolled Zn dendrite growth, intensified hydrogen evolution reactions (HER), and corrosion/passivation layer rupture. These issues lead to poor Coulombic efficiency and limited cycle life, particularly due to the non-uniformity of interfacial ion transport at high current densities (>40 mA/cm2) or deep discharge depths (>80% DOD). To address these issues, the development of advanced 3D Zn anodes represents a key research direction in the future. In addition, the volumetric energy density of AZIBs is significantly lower than that of LIBs, necessitating improvements in techniques and design. Beyond structural optimization, in-depth interdisciplinary applications of AZIBs are also a crucial research direction.
Keywords：aqueous Zinc-ion battery; Zinc anode; three-dimensional configuration; dendrite
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