冯双喜^1a，1b，1c ，张国庆^1a ，雷华阳^{1a，1b，1c，2} ，李建楷^1a ，喻胜朋³

1. 天津大学 a. 建筑工程学院， b. 滨海土木工程结构与安全教育部重点实验室，c. 中国地震局地震工程综合模拟与城乡抗震韧性重点实验室，天津 300350；

2. 广西大学 土木建筑工程学院，广西 南宁 530004；3. 中铁二十局集团有限公司，陕西 西安 710016

引用格式：

DOI：10.13732/j.issn.1008-5548.2025.06.001

收稿日期：2025-01-22，修回日期：2025-04-09，上线日期：2025-06-10。

基金项目：国家自然科学基金项目，编号：52108336；校企合作研究项目，编号： QTHT-20231105-0003。

第一作者简介：冯双喜（1988—），男，副研究员，博士，硕士生导师，研究方向为软土地基加固。E-mail：shuangxi@tju. edu. cn。

通信作者简介：雷华阳（1974—），女，教授，博士，博士生导师，研究方向为软土地基加固。E-mail：leihuayang74@163. com。

摘要：【目的】为了合理选择药剂种类及添加量，提升污泥脱水效率、增强土体固结效果并降低处理成本，梳理和探讨药剂真空预压方法在污泥固结脱水处理的应用与发展。【研究现状】综述污泥的组成及微观结构，阐述污泥有机质含量、颗粒级配、含水量、渗透系数和压缩变形、强度等指标的变化规律，介绍污泥中的水及表面电荷分布情况；回顾传统真空预压发展，归纳总结处置过程中排水板淤堵机制；针对药剂真空预压方法，总结药剂类型、药剂选择、处理效果评估，归纳药剂真空预压处理污泥絮凝机制。【结论与展望】提出在当前信息化与可持续发展的背景下，药剂最优掺量的确定及高效绿色环保的药剂选择与研发存在较大挑战，同时针对高含水量污泥地基，仍缺少智能化施工设备；认为未来应综合无机和有机多类型药剂，开发高效绿色环保的化学药剂，探索智能化污泥处理技术和设备的应用，进一步推动药剂真空预压技术在污泥脱水处理领域的发展与应用。

关键词：污泥；药剂真空预压；淤堵机制；脱水处理

Abstract

Significance This paper explores the application and development of chemical agent-assisted vacuum preloading in sludge dewatering treatment. It aims to optimize chemical agent selection and dosage to enhance sludge dewatering efficiency， improve soil consolidation， and reduce treatment costs.

Progress Sludge composition and microstructure are comprehensively reviewed in the study. Sludge is a complex mixture of organic pollutants， viruses， inorganic minerals， microplastics， and heavy metals， and it is characterized by a stable flocculent structure. Based on the mechanical properties of sludge from landfills in Shanghai and Shenzhen， the variation patterns of sludge parameters were analyzed， including organic matter content， particle size distribution， water content， permeability coefficient，compressibility， and strength. The organic matter content ranges from 20. 1% to 52. 2%， with an average value of 45%. The water content varies from 190% to 630%， with an average of 500%. The permeability coefficient is within the range of 0. 52×10⁻⁸ to 1. 7×10⁻⁸ cm/s. These data demonstrate that sludge is characterized by high water content and poor permeability. The water in sludge exists in the states of free water， capillary water， and bound water. Common dewatering methods include centrifugal dewatering， filter-press dewatering， electrokinetic dewatering， and thermal dewatering， with the dewatering efficiency increasing from the former to the latter. Vacuum preloading， adapted from silt foundation reinforcement， was initially studied in 1957 by Chinese researchers and has been widely adopted since 1995. During the drainage process when using this method， soil particles migrate directionally and uniformly towards the drainage board. Clay particles accumulate around the drainage board，forming a clogging layer that impairs drainage. To address these limitations， chemical agents are introduced to sludge treatment.To promote particle aggregation and enlarge sludge particle size， inorganic and organic flocculants are commonly employed. Oxidants such as Fenton’s reagent are utilized to break down extracellular polymeric substances （EPS） and release bound water，thereby enhancing drainage volume. Alkaline materials are used to facilitate chemical modification and promote particle agglomeration. The aggregation of particles can effectively reduce directional migration towards the drain and improve the localized arrangement of particles near the drainage board arrangement of particles near the drainage board， thus relieving the clogging problem of vacuum preloading.

Conclusions and Prospects Flocculants are broadly categorized into inorganic and organic types， each with distinct advantages and limitations. Inorganic flocculants， though relatively cost-effective， require higher dosages and may pose greater environmental risks. Specifically， metal-based flocculants may cause secondary heavy metal pollution. In contrast， organic flocculants achieve superior performance with smaller dosages. Current research primarily focuses on the combined application of inorganic and organic flocculants to leverage the strengths of both. The aggregation of particles by flocculants and the release of free water from sludge by oxidants enhance the permeability of sludge and increase the total drainage volume. Compared to conventional vacuum preloading， chemical agent-assisted vacuum preloading demonstrates marked advantages， including shorter construction periods， lower energy consumption， and improved dewatering effect， as evidenced by key indicators like water content，shear strength， and settlement efficiency. The optimal dosages of chemical agents vary depending on sludge types and the initial water content. In practical projects， the selection and dosage of agents should be optimized based on the specific characteristics of the sludge. At present， chemical agents still pose environmental risks. Future efforts should focus on integrating various types of chemicals to develop efficient， green， and eco-friendly agents. Additionally， it is essential to explore intelligent sludge treatment technologies and equipment to further advance the development and application of chemical agent-assisted vacuum preloading in sludge dewatering.

Keywords：sludge； vacuum preloading； chemical agent； clogging mechanism； dewatering effect

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