程湛林¹ ，张慧鑫¹ ，张新宇^1，2 ，张 雷¹ ，洪文鹏¹ ，李浩然¹

1. 东北电力大学 能源与动力工程学院，吉林 吉林 132002；2. 南京航空航天大学 能源与动力学院，江苏 南京 210016

引用格式：

程湛林，张慧鑫，张新宇，等 . 掺杂碳纳米颗粒水凝胶的太阳能电池被动冷却性能［J］. 中国粉体技术，2025，31（4）：1-9.

CHENG Zhanlin， ZHANG Huixin， ZHANG Xinyu， et al. Passive cooling performance of solar cells with carbon nanoparticle-doped hydrogels［J］. China Powder Science and Technology，2025，31（4）：1−9.

DOI：10.13732/j.issn.1008-5548.2025.04.012

收稿日期：2024-07-10，修回日期：2025-04-15，上线日期：2025-05-29。

基金项目：国家自然科学基金项目，编号：52106195；吉林省重点研发项目，编号：20230203049SF。

第一作者简介：程湛林（2000—），男，硕士生，研究方向为太阳能电池被动冷却技术。E-mail：cc1742206524@163. com。

通信作者简介：李浩然（1992—），男，副教授，博士，博士生导师，研究方向为低碳能源。E-mail：haoran@neepu. edu. cn。

摘要：【目的】为了提高太阳能电池被动散热效果，制备基于吸湿-解吸原理的掺碳纳米颗粒复合水凝胶，探讨复合水凝胶的吸湿-解吸特性对太阳能电池冷却性能的影响。【方法】采用自由基聚合法制备掺不同质量分数碳纳米颗粒的复合水凝胶；通过水凝胶解吸特性试验测试掺不同质量分数碳纳米颗粒的水凝胶的解吸能力；将掺入碳纳米颗粒的水凝胶作为太阳能电池冷却层，开展太阳能电池冷却试验，对比不同质量分数碳纳米颗粒水凝胶的冷却性能。【结果】所制得样品中，掺入的碳纳米颗粒质量分数为5%时，复合水凝胶的解吸性能最好，在太阳辐照度为1 000 W/m² 时，太阳能电池运行温度降低约11. 6 ℃；贴附水凝胶冷却层的太阳能电池与无冷却层的太阳能电池相比，在标准辐照度下运行15 min后，开路电压高约30 mV，运行30 min后，填充因子提高约4. 58%，在运行120 min后，光伏电池效率提高了0. 41%。【结论】添加碳纳米颗粒能够提高吸湿性水凝胶的解吸性能；将吸湿性水凝胶用作太阳能电池的冷却层，其解吸能力越强，对应的冷却效果越显著。

关键词：太阳能电池；被动冷却；碳纳米颗粒；水凝胶；大气集水；蒸发冷却

Abstract

Objective Hydrophilic hydrogels are essential in evaporative cooling applications. By utilizing waste heat generated by solar cells, the hydrogels can drive internal moisture evaporation and reduce their operating temperature. However, the inherently low thermal conductivity often limits their cooling effectiveness. To address this limitation, thermally conductive fillers such as carbon nanoparticles can be incorporated into hydrogel matrices to enhance both thermal transport and moisture regulation. Carbon nanomaterials, known for their exceptional nanoscale thermal conductivity, offer a promising approach to enhancing hydrogel performance. This incorporation not only enhances the thermal conductivity of the hydrogel but also modulates its microstructure, optimizing its moisture absorption-desorption characteristics. In this study, a series of carbon nanoparticle-doped hydrogels were developed, and their moisture absorption-desorption properties were analyzed to evaluate their potential for passive cooling in solar cells.

Methods To evaluate the moisture management performance of hydrogels, samples with five different mass fractions of carbon nanoparticles were synthesized and tested (S1-5). Moisture absorption tests were conducted in a constant temperature and humidity chamber (25 ℃), where changes in hydrogel mass were recorded over time. Desorption tests were then performed in a still air laboratory environment, where the doped hydrogels were applied as cooling layers on solar panels and illuminated by a solar simulator. A precision electronic balance continuously measured the hydrogel mass during evaporation, while thermocouples monitored the back-surface temperature of the solar cells. In addition, an electrochemical workstation was used to monitor the current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of the solar cells. Data analysis and visualization were performed using Origin software to quantitatively evaluate the cooling performance of each hydrogel sample. This comprehensive evaluation aimed to determine how carbon nanoparticle doping enhances the evaporative cooling efficiency of hydrogels for photovoltaic applications.

Results and Discussion The results showed that S5 exhibited the highest moisture absorption capacity. Under standard illumination conditions, the desorption capacity was significantly enhanced in hydrogel samples doped with carbon nanoparticles. Among them, S2 demonstrated the best desorption and cooling performance. To further explore the cooling performance, key performance parameters of the solar cells were tested. In real hydrogel applications, the open-circuit voltage increased by approximately 30 mV, the fill factor improved by 4. 58%, and the energy conversion has increased by 0. 41%.

Conclusion This study develops and evaluates carbon nanoparticle-doped hydrogels for the passive cooling of solar cells. The hydrogel containing 20% carbon nanoparticles shows the highest water absorption capacity, while the sample with 5% carbon nanoparticles exhibits the most favorable desorption and cooling performance. The introduction of carbon nanoparticles significantly improves the hydrogel’s moisture absorption-desorption efficiency and accelerates water evaporation, thereby improving the passive heat dissipation capacity of solar cells.

Keywords：solar cell; passive cooling; carbon nanoparticle; hydrogel; atmospheric water harvesting; evaporative cooling

参考文献（References）

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