钟文镇1a， 李润梓1a， 吴晓晨1b， 石欣琳2， 段广彬1b
1.济南大学 a.机械工程学院， b.材料科学与工程学院， 山东 济南 250022； 2. 中国科学院过程工程研究所， 北京 100190
引用格式：
钟文镇， 李润梓， 吴晓晨， 等. 装粉工艺方式的研究进展［J］. 中国粉体技术， 2025， 31（6）： 1-15.
ZHONG Wenzhen， LI Runzi， WU Xiaochen， et al. Research progress on die filling methods［J］. China Powder Science and Technology， 2025， 31（6）： 1-15.
DOI：10.13732/j.issn.1008-5548.2025.06.008
收稿日期： 2024-09-06， 修回日期： 2024-11-01， 上线日期： 2025-05-27。
基金项目： 国家自然科学基金项目， 编号： 51605192。
第一作者简介： 钟文镇（1981—），男，副教授，博士，硕士生导师，研究方向为粉体工程与装备。E-mail：me_zhongwz@ujn.edu.cn。
通信作者简介： 段广彬（1983—），男，教授，博士，硕士生导师，研究方向为新能源材料及工程、气固两相流。E-mail：mse_duangb@ujn.edu.cn。
摘要： 【目的】 为了改善装粉工艺的质量控制，满足粉末冶金、 非金属制备及食品医药等领域的高质量粉末制品近净成形的要求，综述主要装粉工艺方式与关键性能的最新研究进展。 【研究现状】 在工业应用领域，装粉工艺包括直线式、 抽吸式、 旋转式和强迫喂料式，目前研究集中于根据粉末特性改进结构与优化工艺参数，以有效调控装粉质量。抽吸式装粉利用吸力形成压力梯度，促进粉末流致密化并减小偏析。强迫喂料式装粉优化送料架结构，显著提升粉末流动性，减轻粉末特性对工艺的限制。减小颗粒间及颗粒-壁面摩擦和内聚力可增强粉末流动性，合理选择粒径配比并满足渗透率要求，改善装粉均匀性； 装粉致密度与均匀性正相关，通过调控均匀性并合理利用空气、振动、黏结剂及结构参数，可促进致密度的提升。 【结论与展望】 装粉工艺方式的未来研究方向有： 对关键因素进行全面而深入的系统性探究，提升装粉工艺方式的跨领域应用潜力； 利用强迫喂料式装粉的优势以增强装粉均匀性； 优化抽吸式装粉的吸气机制以提高装粉致密度； 基于装粉均匀性与致密度的综合分析，为增材制造铺粉工艺的优化提供科学参考与改进策略。
关键词： 装粉工艺； 粉末成型； 均匀性； 致密度； 研究进展
Abstract
Significance In recent years， powder forming， a pivotal technique in near-net-shape manufacturing， has developed rapidly， impacting fields such as powder metallurgy， pharmaceuticals， and ceramic materials. This technique simplifies complex component processing， reduces material and energy consumption， and facilitates recycling of metallic wastes. In powder forming， the uniform distribution and loose density of powder during die filling are crucial to achieving a homogeneous microstructure in the final product. Any flaws such as the uneven distribution or inconsistencies in the powder cannot be corrected in later compression steps. Thus， optimizing die filling processes and exploring their mechanisms have become a research focus to enhance product quality， reduce costs， advance material systems， accelerate green manufacturing， and broaden technological applications.Progress Given the diverse properties of powder materials and production requirements， die filling methods have become highly versatile. Selecting the appropriate die filling method （categorized as linear， suction， rotary， and forced feeding） is crucial for cost control， quality enhancement， and efficiency improvement. Each method offers unique strengths. Linear die filling is simple， cost-effective， and space-efficient. Suction die filling ensures superior uniformity and efficiency， especially for complex molds and powders of low-fluidity， minimizing the impact of material properties. Rotary die filling is well-suited for batch and continuous layered structures. Forced feeding die filling， with precise control， enhances powder fluidity and mixing. Material properties significantly influence uniformity and loose density in linear and rotary methods， while suction and forced feeding alleviate these constraints by improving powder fluidity. Additionally， environmental factors， including air， humidity， and static electricity， also exert complex effects on the filling process. However， the mechanisms underlying are yet to be fully explored， highlighting the need for rigorous environmental monitoring during operations.
Conclusions and Prospects Linear die filling， as a traditional and widely used method， is well-suited for single-filling molding requirements of powder materials such as ceramics and cemented carbides， although its uniformity is constrained by multiple factors， limiting its application in high-precision scenarios. Suction die filling， with optimized aspiration components， effectively reduces the interference of air resistance， thereby significantly enhancing filling efficiency， loose density， and uniformity. Although it allows for varying process parameters， further coordination and control among these parameters are still required to address the challenges posed by diverse powder material properties. Rotary die filling is effective in continuous operations， particularly for small molds in medium-to-low-speed tablet presses， but its dependence on powder fluidity hinders its broader applicability. Forced feeding die filling， with optimized structure and paddle rotation， demonstrates immense potential in achieving high efficiency and uniformity， but at a higher cost. The following aspects need to be further studied： 1） Leveraging forced feeding to enhance the uniformity of die filling， combining with suction mechanisms to improve filling density， and developing low-cost， high-precision， and widely applicable die filling processes. 2） Introducing innovative applications of rotary and suction die filling methods into powder metallurgy， and developing a new suction-rotary die filling method to achieve uniform powder distribution， high densification， and high efficiency. These approaches are instrumental in improving the process and equipment standards of China's powder metallurgy industry. 3） Conducting a comprehensive and in-depth systematic investigation of key factors affecting die filling， especially the influences of environmental factors， such as air， humidity， and static electricity， as these factors vary with powder material characteristics. 4） Based on the comprehensive analysis of die filling uniformity and density， combined with the commonalities between die filling and powder laying processes， providing a more scientific reference and improvement strategies for the optimization of powder laying process in additive manufacturing.
Keywords： die filling； powder metallurgy； uniformity； density； research progress
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