周伟家¹， 吴彤¹， 陈玉客¹， 郁万强¹， 王艺洁¹， 李岳¹， 袁海凤¹， 刘晓雨²，王玉洁¹， 孔慧¹， 邢传顺¹， 刘成信¹， 刘宏^1，2

1.济南大学 化学化工学院， 前沿交叉科学研究院， 山东 济南 250022； 2.山东大学 晶体材料国家重点实验室， 山东 济南 250100

引用格式：

周伟家， 吴彤， 陈玉客， 等. 激光制备纳米材料及在新能源催化领域应用［J］. 中国粉体技术， 2025， 31（5）： 1-19.

Citation:ZHOU Weijia， WU Tong， CHEN Yuke， et al. Preparation of nanomaterials by laser and their application in new energy catalysis［J］. China Powder Science and Technology， 2025， 31（5）： 1-19.

DOI：10.13732/j.issn.1008-5548.2025.05.006

收稿日期： 2024-09-28， 修回日期： 2024-11-16，上线日期： 2025-05-12。

基金项目： 国家自然科学基金项目， 编号： 52472097； 山东省自然科学杰出青年基金项目， 编号： ZR2021JQ15； 山东省泰山学者特聘专家计划项目， 编号： tstp20240515； 济南市创新团队基金项目， 编号： 2021GXRC019。

第一作者简介： 周伟家（1982—）， 男， 教授， 博士， 博士生导师， 国家优秀青年科学基金获得者， 研究方向为能源催化和功能器件。E-mail：ifc_zhouwj@ujn.edu.cn。

摘要： 【目的】 为了理解激光与物质相互作用机制，优化激光合成纳米材料的策略。 【研究现状】综述激光制备纳米材料方法、 原理及其在新能源领域的应用。凝练激光固相合成原理，总结激光合成碳材料、 碳化物、 氧化物、 合金及高熵合金等的研究现状，明确激光合成技术在光热催化和电催化领域的技术优势和应用潜力。 【结论与展望】激光合成作为新兴技术，通过优化激光合成策略，提高纳米材料结构可控性，提升纳米材料的性能，为新能源领域发展提供理论指导和技术支撑。

关键词： 激光合成； 纳米材料； 光热催化； 电催化

Abstract

Significance Nanomaterials， with their distinctive physical and chemical properties， are the foundation for new energy technologies. Among these， photothermal catalysis and electrocatalysis are the major contributors to the advancements in energy conversion， storage， and environmental sustainability. Nanomaterials， with their tunable properties and enhanced surface-to-volume ratios， are particularly suited for these applications. Laser technology， a cutting-edge method for synthesis and micro-nano processing， has demonstrated unparalleled advantages in precise nanomaterial fabrication and intricate nanostructure construction. It offers high precision， flexibility， and scalability， making it an invaluable tool in nanotechnology. Despite the remarkable progresses in laser-assisted nanomaterial synthesis， the complex dynamics of laser-material interactions and the underlying mechanisms of laser-induced synthesis remain largely unexplored. A deeper understanding of these phenomena is crucial for further optimizing synthesis processes， enhancing material quality， and tailoring properties for specific applications. Therefore， continued research into these fundamental aspects is essential for harnessing the full potential of laser technology in nanomaterial fabrication.

Progress The regulation of laser-induced thermal and plasma effects is pivotal for shaping the structure and functionality of nanomaterials. Intense heat generated from laser pulses facilitates the synthesis of carbon materials and carbides， which are often difficult to form under ambient conditions due to their high energy requirements. Rapid thermal cycles induced by laser pulses disrupt the crystal structure of metal oxides， creating oxygen vacancies that serve as unique anchoring sites for precious metals， therefore enhancing their catalytic activity. Laser-induced plasma effects enable the rapid ionization of metals， leading to the formation of alloy structures and single-atom alloys. These structures often exhibit superior catalytic properties due to their optimized electronic configurations and enhanced surface areas. By manipulating the atmospheric conditions during laser synthesis， various metal sulfides， nitrides， carbides， and borides can be synthesized， each with unique physical and chemical properties tailored for specific applications. The micro-nano structures constructed through laser processing can significantly improve light absorption， affecting metal-carrier interactions and enhancing photothermal catalytic activity. In aquatic hydrogen electrolysis， laser technology can effectively reduce the adsorption energy of hydrogen on catalyst surfaces， accelerating hydrogen desorption and enhancing the electrolysis efficiency. In electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction， laser treatment can adjust the hybrid orbit of metal carbides， promoting nitrogen adsorption and increasing ammonia yields. With laser-controlled core-shell structures and alloy strategies， hydrogen production sites can be introduced to accelerate the efficiency of electrocatalytic nitric acid reduction. In electrocatalytic carbon dioxide reduction， laser processing can construct metal oxide series catalytic sites that favor the formation of valuable intermediates like formic acid in the synthesis of fuels and chemicals.

Conclusions and Prospects The interactions between laser and matter generate localized light， thermal， pressure， and plasma fields， enabling the construction of micro-nano structures， defect formations， and alloyed structures. These capabilities have revolutionized the development of energy storage and conversion electrode materials. Significant progress has been made in developing high-performance electrode materials tailored for specific energy applications. Future research will focus on the correlation between laser technology and material properties. By leveraging the controlled preparation and adjustment advantages of laser technology， specific catalytic structures with high catalytic activity can be designed and synthesized. High-energy lasers， effective monitoring， and a clearer understanding of the underlying mechanisms are the key areas of focus for future research. Integrating laser continuous synthesis with continuous feeding systems is expected achieve large-scale industrial application of new energy catalytic nanomaterials. Moreover， the development of advanced laser systems with higher precision， shorter pulse durations， and broader tunability will further expand the scope of laser-based nanomaterials synthesis. The combination of machine learning and artificial intelligence with laser processing techniques could optimize synthesis parameters， predict material properties， and accelerate the discovery of new nanomaterials with exceptional performance. In conclusion， laser-based nanomaterials synthesis holds vast potential in energy conversion， storage， and environmental sustainability. By unraveling the complexities of laser-material interactions and the mechanisms underlying laser-induced synthesis， the field will revolutionize the way we harness and convert energy， paving the way for a cleaner， more sustainable future.

Keywords： laser synthesis； nanomaterials； photothermal catalysis； electrocatalysis

参考文献（References）

［1］RICONDA C， WEBER S. Plasma optics： a perspective for high-power coherent light generation and manipulation［J］. Matter and Radiation at Extremes， 2023， 8（2）： 023001.

［2］ZHAO Y， WENG S M， SHENG Z M， et al. Plasma modulator for high-power intense lasers［J］. Optical Express， 2020，28（11）： 15794-15804.

［3］LEHMANN G， SPATSCHEK K H. Transient plasma photonic crystals for high-power lasers ［J］. Physical Review Letters，2016， 116（22）： 225002.

［4］张彤， 王保平， 张晓兵， 等. 光电子物理及应用［M］. 南京： 东南大学出版社， 2015.

ZHANG T， WANG B P， ZHANG X B， et al. Photoelectronic physics and applications ［M］. Nanjing： Southeast University Press， 2015.

［5］尹志国. 工业激光的产生原理［J］. 信息与电脑（理论版）， 2012（8）： 162-163.

YIN Z G. Production principle of industrial laser ［J］. Information and Computer （Theoretical Edition）， 2012（8）： 162-163.

［6］LI C， ZHOU X， ZHAI F， et al. Carbon nanotubes as an ultrafast emitter with a narrow energy spread at optical frequency ［J］.Advanced Materials， 2017， 29（30）： 1701580.

［7］刘光殷， 姜维超， 彭良友. 强XUV光下原子分子电离过程的研究进展［J］. 光学学报， 2024， 44（17）： 1-31.

LIU G Y， JIANG W C， PENG L Y. Photoionization of atoms and molecules by strong XUV pulses ［J］. Acta Optica Sinica，2024， 44（17）： 1-31.

［8］YU W Q，YU J Y，HUANG M，et al. Laser-controlled tandem catalytic sites of CuNi alloys with ampere-level electrocatalytic nitrate-to-ammonia reduction activities for Zn-nitrate batteries ［J］. Energy & Environmental Science， 2023， 16（7）： 2991-3001.

［9］HE Y L， CAO Y Y， WANG Y P. Progress on photothermal conversion in the second NIR window based on conjugated polymers ［J］.Asian Journal of Organic Chemistry， 2018， 7（11）： 2201-2212.

［10］王俊鉴， 于清泉， 刘舜尧， 等. 激光诱导羟基磷灰石夹层纸表面碳化实现无墨打印［J］. 物理化学学报， 2024， 40（4）：2304024.

WANG J J， YU Q Q， LIU S Y， et al. Laser-induced carbonization of hydroxyapatite sandwich paper for inkless printing［J］.Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica， 2024， 40（4）： 2304024.

［11］赵成城， 李家发. 半导体材料中的多光子吸收效应研究进展［J］. 激光与红外， 2022， 52（2）： 147-153.

ZHAO C C， LI J F. Research progress on multiphoton absorption effect in semiconductor materials ［J］. Laser & Infrared，2022， 52（2）： 147-153.

［12］KEARTON B， MATTLEY Y. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy： sparking new applications ［J］. Nature Photonics， 2008， 2： 537-540.

［13］LI Y， LIU X W， WU T， et al. Pulsed laser induced plasma and thermal effects on molybdenum carbide for dry reforming of methane ［J］. Nature Communications， 2024， 15（1）： 5495.

［14］AL-SAYED S R， ELGAZZAR H， NOFAL A. Metallographic investigation of laser-treated ductile iron surface with different laser heat inputs ［J］. Ain Shams Engineering Journal， 2023， 14（10）： 102189.

［15］宋宏伟， 黄晨光. 激光辐照诱导的热与力学效应［J］. 力学进展， 2016， 46（1）： 201610.

SONG H W， HUANG C G. Progress in thermal-mechantical effects induced by laser［J］. Advances in Mechanics， 2016，46（1）： 201610.

［16］BLAKEMORE J D， GRAY H B， WINKLER J R， et al. Co₃O₄ nanoparticle water-oxidation catalysts made by pulsed-laser ablation in liquids ［J］. ACS Catalysis， 2013， 3（11）： 2497-2500.

［17］ZHAO L L， LIU Z， CHEN D， et al. Laser synthesis and microfabrication of micro/nanostructured materials toward energy conversion and storage ［J］. Nano-Micro Letters， 2021， 13（1）： 49.

［18］王卫江， 贾凯， 房瑞娜， 等. 激光诱导等离子体辐射特性的研究综述［J］. 激光技术， 2022， 46（4）： 499-510.

WANG W J， JIA K， FANG R N， et al. Review on radiation features of laser-induced plasma［J］. Laser Technology， 2022，46（4）： 499-510.

［19］STUART B C， FEIT M D， HERMAN S. Nanosecond-to-femtosecond laser-induced breakdown in dielectrics ［J］. Physics Review B， 53， 1749.

［20］XIN D， HAN J， SONG W， et al. Laser-processed lithium niobate wafer for pyroelectric sensor［J］. Info Mat， 2024， 6（10）：e12557.

［21］WU T， CHANG B， LI Y， et al. Laser-induced plasma and local temperature field for high-efficiency ammonia synthesis［J］.Nano Energy， 2023， 116： 108855.

［22］POŽAR T， LALOŠ J， BABNIK A， et al. Isolated detection of elastic waves driven by the momentum of light［J］. Nature Communications， 2018， 9（1）： 3340.

［23］POŽAR T， BABNIK A， MOŽINA J. From laser ultrasonics to optical manipulation ［J］. Optical Express， 2015， 23（6）：7978-7990.

［24］LI J Y， ZHANG W， ZHOU Y， et al. The acceleration mechanism of shock wave induced by millisecond-nanosecond combined-pulse laser on silicon ［J］. Plasma Science Technology， 2021， 23（5）： 055507.

［25］CHEN J C， ITO A， GOTO T， et al. High-speed deposition of highly （001）-oriented SrCO₃ films prepared using laser chemical vapor deposition ［J］. Ceramics International， 2015， 41（9）： 11810-11814.

［26］WANG Y J， LI X， CHEN Y K， et al. Pulsed-laser-triggered piezoelectric photocatalytic CO₂ reduction over tetragonal BaTiO₃ nanocubes ［J］. Advanced Materials， 2023， 35（45）： e2305257.

［27］CHEN Y K， WANG Y J， YU J Y， et al. Underfocus laser induced Ni nanoparticles embedded metallic MoN microrods as patterned electrode for efficient overall water splitting ［J］. Advanced Science， 2022， 9（10）： 2105869.

［28］LI Y， WU T， WANG Y J， et al. Green and large-scale production of ammonia： laser-driven pyrolysis of nitrogen-enriched biomass ［J］. Sus Mat， 2023， 3（4）： 533-542.

［29］MIRONOV V， ZHAROVA N， D’HUMIÈRES E， et al. Effect of the laser pulse temporal shape on the hole boring efficiency［J］. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion， 2012， 54（9）： 095008.

［30］XIE X Z， HUANG Q P， LONG J Y， et al. A new monitoring method for metal rust removal states in pulsed laser derusting via acoustic emission techniques ［J］. Journal of Materials Processing Technology， 2020， 275： 116321.

［31］ZHANG S， YU H X， LI S， et al. Laser cladding strengthening test on the surface of flatness rollers ［J］. ISIJ International， 2023， 63（1）： 120-127.

［32］GU D D， SHI X Y， POPRAWE R， et al. Material-structure-performance integrated laser-metal additive manufacturing ［J］. Science， 2021， 372（6545）： abg1487.

［33］LIU S Y， SHIN Y C， Additive manufacturing of Ti₆Al₄V alloy： a review ［J］. Materials Design， 2019， 164： 107552.

［34］WANG B L， LUO H， WANG X W， et al. Direct laser patterning of two-dimensional lateral transition metal disulfide-oxide-disulfide heterostructures for ultrasensitive sensors ［J］. Nano Research， 2020， 13（8）： 2035-2043.

［35］CHEMIN A， LAM J， LAURENS G， et al. Doping nanoparticles using pulsed laser ablation in a liquid containing the doping agent ［J］. Nanoscale Advances， 2019， 1（10）： 3963-3972.

［36］WANG F C， GUO Z B， WANG Z Y， et al. Laser-induced transient self-organization of TiN nano-filament percolated networks for high performance surface-mountable filter capacitors ［J］. Advanced Materials， 2023， 35（15）： 2210038.

［37］FANG G X， HOU Y， QIU T， et al. Ultrafine sulfur-doped carbon nanoparticles enhanced the transmembrane bioelectricity of clostridium butyricum for biohydrogen production ［J］. Nano Energy， 2023， 110： 108382.

［38］LIU R Y， ZHAO L， LIU B S， et al. Modulating pollutant adsorption and peroxymonosulfate activation sites on Co₃O₄@N，O doped-carbon shell for boosting catalytic degradation activity ［J］. Chinese Journal of Structural Chemistry， 2024，43（8）： 100332.

［39］CHANG B， YUAN H F， LI L L， et al. Enhancing electrochemical nitrogen fixation by mimicking π back-donation on laser-tuned Lewis acid sites in noble-metal-molybdenum carbide［J］. Applied Catalysis B： Environment and Energy， 2023， 320：121777.

［40］HSIAO Y S， LIN C Y， WENG L Y， et al. In-situ synthesis of NbC nanoparticle-decorated polyimide-derived graphene for enhanced thermal management ［J］. Chemical Engineering Journal， 2024， 483： 149007.

［41］YAZDI A Z， NAVAS I O， ABOUELMAGD A， et al. Direct creation of highly conductive laser-induced graphene nanocomposites from polymer blends ［J］. Macromolecular Rapid Communications， 2017， 38（17）： 1700176.

［42］LI Y H， SHAFFER M S P. Confocal microscopy for in situ multi-modal characterization and patterning of laser-reduced graphene oxide ［J］. Advanced Functional Materials， 2023， 33（30）： 2300479.

［43］SUN J W， XIONG Y W， JIA H Y， et al. Enhanced reduction of graphene oxide via laser-dispersion coupling： towards large-scale，low-defect graphene for crease-free heat-dissipating membranes in advanced flexible electronics［J］. Science Bulletin， 2024，69（11）： 1716-1727.

［44］SU R G， LIANG M S， YUAN Y J， et al. Morphology/lattice collaborative control of femtosecond-laser-induced mxene-composited graphene［J］. Advanced Science， 2024， 11（36）： 2404889.

［45］MOON H I， KIM S， BYUN J E， et al. Facile and rapid fabrication of wearable biosensors via femtosecond laser-directed micro-patterning with large-sized reduced graphene oxide for physiological monitoring ［J］. Chemical Engineering Journal，2024， 479： 147819.

［46］WEI Y J， LI W H， ZHANG S C， et al. Laser-induced porous graphene/CuO composite for efficient interfacial solar steam generation ［J］. Advanced Functional Materials， 2024， 34（28）： 2401149.

［47］LIU X Y， XING C S， YANG F， et al. Strong interaction over Ru/defects-rich aluminum oxide boosts photothermal CO₂ methanation via microchannel flow-type system ［J］. Advanced Energy Materials， 2022， 12（31）： 2201009.

［48］DONG T J， LIU X Y， TANG Z F， et al. Ru decorated TiO_x nanoparticles via laser bombardment for photothermal co-catalytic CO₂ hydrogenation to methane with high selectivity［J］. Applied Catalysis B： Environment and Energy， 2023， 326： 122176.

［49］JIANG D， YUAN H F， LIU Z， et al. Defect-anchored single-atom-layer Pt clusters on TiO_2-x/Ti for efficient hydrogen evolution via photothermal reforming plastics ［J］. Applied Catalysis B： Environment and Energy， 2023， 339： 123081.

［50］ZHANG G X， WU T， YU W Q， et al. Laser regulated mixed-phase TiO₂ for electrochemical overall nitrogen fixation［J］. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science， 2024， 674： 168-77.

［51］WANG Y J， CHEN Y K， ZHAO Y W， et al. Laser-fabricated channeled Cu₆Sn₅/Sn as electrocatalyst and gas diffusion electrode for efficient CO₂ electroreduction to formate ［J］. Applied Catalysis B： Environment and Energy， 2022， 307， 120991.

［52］SHI Y J， WANG Y J， YU J Y， et al. Superscalar phase boundaries derived multiple active sites in SnO₂/Cu₆Sn₅/CuO for tandem electroreduction of CO₂ to formic acid ［J］. Advanced Energy Materials， 2023， 13（13）： 2203506.

［53］YUAN H F， JIANG D， LIU Z， et al. Laser synthesis of PtMo single-atom alloy electrode for ultralow voltage hydrogen generation ［J］. Advanced Materials， 2024， 36（5）： 2305375.

［54］YU X W， DING X， YAO Y F， et al. Layered high-entropy metallic glasses for photothermal CO₂ methanation［J］. Advanced Materials， 2024，36（21）： e2312942.

［55］ZHAO L L， CHANG B， DONG T J， et al. Laser synthesis of amorphous CoS_x nanospheres for efficient hydrogen evolution and nitrogen reduction reactions ［J］. Journal of Materials Chemistry A， 2022， 10（37）： 20071-20079.

［56］LV J Y， LIU J， LIU J H， et al. Laser additive manufacturing of three-dimensional Ti/TiN nanotube arrays with hierarchical pore structures and promoted supercapacitor performances ［J］. Nano Letters， 2024， 24（27）： 8327-8334.

［57］HAN C， BABICHEVA R， CHUA J D Q， et al. Microstructure and mechanical properties of （TiB+TiC）/Ti composites fabricated in situ via selective laser melting of Ti and B₄C powders ［J］. Additive Manufacturing， 2020， 36： 101466.

［58］ZHOU Y H， YANG Y T， WANG X H， et al. Investigating efficient photothermal conversion towards CO₂ reduction［J］. Energy Conversion and Management， 2023， 291： 117246.

［59］ZHOU J， LIU H， WANG H Q. Photothermal catalysis for CO₂ conversion ［J］. Chinese Chemical Letters， 2023，34（2）： 107420.

［60］ZHANG J Q， CHEN H J， DUAN X G， et al. Photothermal catalysis： from fundamentals to practical applications［J］. Materials Today， 2023， 68： 234-53.

［61］TEBAR-SOLER C， MARTIN-DIACONESCU V， SIMONELLI L， et al. Low-oxidation-state Ru sites stabilized in carbon-doped RuO₂ with low-temperature CO₂ activation to yield methane ［J］. Nature Materials， 2023， 22（6）： 762-768.

［62］JIANG H Y， WANG L Y， KANEKO H， et al. Light-driven CO₂ methanation over Au-grafted Ce_0.95Ru_0.05O₂ solid-solution catalysts with activities approaching the thermodynamic limit ［J］. Nature Catalysis， 2023， 6（6）： 519-530.

［63］CAI M J， LI C R， AN X D， et al. Supra-photothermal CO₂ methanation over greenhouse-like plasmonic superstructures of ultrasmall cobalt nanoparticles ［J］. Advanced Materials， 2024， 36（9）： e2308859.

［64］ZHU X L， ZONG H B， PÉREZ C J V， et al. Supercharged CO₂ photothermal catalytic methanation： high conversion， rate， and selectivity ［J］. Angewandte Chemie International Edition， 2023， 62（22）： e202218694.

［65］ZHOU J， GAO Z， XIANG G， et al. Interfacial compatibility critically controls Ru/TiO₂ metal-support interaction modes in CO₂ hydrogenation ［J］. Nature Communications， 2022， 13（1）： 327.

［66］GE H， KUWAHARA Y， KUSU K， et al. Ru/H-MoO₃ with plasmonic effect for boosting photothermal catalytic CO₂ methanation ［J］. Applied Catalysis B： Environment and Energy， 2022， 317： 121734.

［67］YE R P， LI Q， GONG W， et al. High-performance of nanostructured Ni/CeO₂ catalyst on CO₂ methanation ［J］.Applied Catalysis B： Environment and Energy， 2020， 268： 118474.

［68］ZHANG Z H， YU Z H， FENG K， et al. Eu³⁺ doping-promoted Ni-CeO₂ interaction for efficient low-temperature CO₂ methanation ［J］. Applied Catalysis B： Environment and Energy， 2022， 317： 121800.

［69］BAN C G， WANG Y， FENG Y J， et al. Photochromic single atom Ag/TiO₂ catalysts for selective CO₂ reduction to CH₄ ［J］. Energy & Environmental Science， 2024， 17（2）： 518-530.

［70］YUAN H F， ZHAO L L， CHANG B， et al. Laser fabrication of Pt anchored Mo₂C micropillars as integrated gas diffusion and catalytic electrode for proton exchange membrane water electrolyzer ［J］. Applied Catalysis B： Environment and Energy， 2022， 314： 121455.

［71］YU W Q， YU J Y， WANG Y J， et al. Electrocatalytic upcycling of nitrate and hydrogen sulfide via a nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes encapsulated iron carbide electrode ［J］. Applied Catalysis B： Environment and Energy， 2022， 310： 121291.

［72］YE T N， PARK S W， LU Y F， et al. Vacancy-enabled N₂ activation for ammonia synthesis on an Ni-loaded catalyst ［J］. Nature， 2020， 583（7816）： 391-395.

［73］LIU J C， MA X L， YI Y， et al. Heterogeneous Fe₃ single-cluster catalyst for ammonia synthesis via an associative mechanism ［J］. Nature Communications， 2018， 9（1）： 1610.

［74］CHEN J G， CROOKS R M， SEEFELDT L C， et al. Beyond fossil fuel-driven nitrogen transformations ［J］. Science， 2018，360（6391）： aar6611.

［75］FU X B， PEDERSEN J B， ZHOU Y Y， et al. Continuous-flow electrosynthesis of ammonia by nitrogen reduction and hydrogen oxidation ［J］. Science， 2022， 379： 707-712.

［76］ZHANG S B， HAN M M， SHI T F， et al. Atomically dispersed bimetallic Fe-Co electrocatalysts for green production of ammonia ［J］. Nature Sustainability， 2022， 6（2）： 169-179.

［77］SAHA P， AMANULLAH S. Electrocatalytic reduction of nitrogen to hydrazine using a trinuclear nickel complex［J］. Journal of the American Chemical Society， 2020， 142（41）： 17312-17317.

［78］MAO C L， WANG J X， ZOU Y J， et al. Hydrogen spillover to oxygen vacancy of TiO_2-xH_y/Fe： breaking the scaling relationship of ammonia synthesis ［J］. Journal of the American Chemical Society， 2020， 142（41）： 17403-17412.

［79］MAO C L， LI H， GU H G， et al. Beyond the thermal equilibrium limit of ammonia synthesis with dual temperature zone catalyst powered by solar light ［J］. Chem， 2019， 5（10）： 2702-2717.

［80］DU C， WANG X， CHEN W， et al. CO₂ transformation to multicarbon products by photocatalysis and electrocatalysis ［J］. Materials Today Advances， 2020， 6： 100071.

［81］EYGERIS Y， GUPTA M， KIM J， et al. Chemistry of lipid nanoparticles for RNA delivery ［J］. Accounts of Chemical Research， 2022， 55（1）： 2-12.

［82］HAN N， DING P， HE L， et al. Promises of main group metal-based nanostructured materials for electrochemical CO₂ reduction to formate ［J］. Advanced Energy Materials， 2020， 10（11）： 1902338.

［83］LIU M F， ZHANG C， WANG J， et al. Recent research progresses of Sn/Bi/In-based electrocatalysts for electroreduction CO₂ to formate ［J］. Chemistry - A European Journal， 2024， 30（17）： e202303711.