秦依婷1 ，闫 锦2 ，张立强1 ，罗 红1 ，吴庆定1 ，余剑武3 ，谢志杰1 ，张宗浩1
1. 中南林业科技大学 湖南省林业装备工程技术研究中心，湖南 长沙 410004；
2. 长沙工业学院 机电工程学院，湖南 长沙 410200；
3. 湖南大学 机械与运载工程学院，湖南 长沙 410082
秦依婷，闫锦，张立强，等. 杨木-氧化铋复合材料黏弹性表征与数值模拟［J］. 中国粉体技术，2025，31（3）：1-9.
QIN Yiting， YAN Jin， ZHANG Liqiang， et al. Viscoelastic characterization and numerical simulation of poplar-bismuth oxide composites［J］. China Powder Science and Technology，2025，31（3）：1−9.
DOI：10.13732/j.issn.1008-5548.2025.03.001
收稿日期：2024-04-17，修回日期：2024-12-05，上线日期：2025-04-03。
基金项目：国家自然科学基金青年科学基金项目，编号：52205508；湖南省自然科学基金区域联合基金项目，编号：024JJ7640；长沙市自然科学基金项目，编号： kq2202288、 kq2202289。
第一作者简介：秦依婷（2003—），女，硕士生，研究方向为能源动力。E-mail：2239174090@qq. com。
通信作者简介：张立强（1978—），男，教授，博士，硕士生导师，湖南省青年骨干教师，江苏省“淮上英才”，研究方向为材料成型与应用。E-mail：21384881@qq. com。
摘要：【目的】 研究杨木加工残渣粉与氧化铋复合材料的组成对黏弹性的影响，实现杨木-氧化铋复合材料在家具工程等领域的应用。【方法】 采用温压成形法将杨木残渣粉与氧化铋粉末相混合，制备不同粒径杨木粉的杨木-氧化铋复合材料；对复合材料进行恒载压缩蠕变实验，记录实时蠕变位移，根据应力-应变关系计算杨木-氧化铋复合材料的弹性模量；基于线性黏弹性理论计算复合材料的剪切松弛模量，采用广义Maxwell模型建立复合材料的黏弹性模型，利用优化软件 1stOpt对弹性松弛模量进行最优拟合，并结合 MSC Marc软件进行数值模拟，得出实时蠕变位移的数值模拟结果，并对实验结果与数值模拟结果的一致性进行评估。【结果】 不同粒径杨木粉的杨木-氧化铋复合材料表现出不同的蠕变行为，具有明显的黏弹性特征，调整不同粒径杨木粉的比例，可改善复合材料的抗蠕变性能，当粒径小于425 µm与粒径小于 180 µm 的杨木粉的质量比为 1：1时，抗蠕变性能最佳；压缩蠕变实验结果与MSC Marc 软件数值模拟结果一致，表明短期蠕变实验数据可以预测复合材料的长期蠕变。【结论】 杨木-氧化铋复合材料具有较高的抗蠕变性能和明显的黏弹性特征，在建筑和家具工程领域有较大潜力；短期蠕变实验数据可以预测长期蠕变，这为评价该复合材料的使用性能提供了可靠途径。
关键词：杨木-氧化铋复合材料；黏弹性；压缩蠕变；温压成形
Objective This study investigates the effect of the composition of poplar wood processing residue powder and bismuth oxide on the viscoelasticity of poplar-bismuth oxide composites， aiming to optimize their application in fields such as furniture engineering.
Methods Poplar wood residue powder and bismuth oxide powder were mixed using a warm-press forming method to prepare poplar-bismuth oxide composites with different particle sizes. Compression creep experiments were carried out on each sample under a constant load of 2 000 N， the real-time creep displacements were recorded. The elastic moduli were calculated from the stress-strain relationship to analyze composite viscoelasticity. The shear relaxation moduli were calculated based on the linear viscoelastic theory. The Kelvin-Voigt model and generalized Maxwell model were employed to establish viscoelastic models of the composites. Using optimization software 1stOpt， the elastic relaxation moduli were optimally fitted， and the corresponding shear modulus components （Gq ） and shear relaxation time components （τq ） were incorporated into the MSC Marc software for finite element simulation. This approach predicted the viscoelastic behavior of the composites and generated numerical simulation results of real-time creep displacement， which were then compared with the experimental results to evaluate consistency.
Results and Discussion The poplar-bismuth oxide composites prepared via the warm-press forming method exhibited different creep behaviors and distinct viscoelastic properties depending on the particle size of the wood powder. By adjusting the proportion of wood powder with different particle sizes， the creep resistance of the composites was improved. When the mass ratio of poplar powder to bismuth oxide powder was 9：1， the composites exhibited minimal creep deformation and the highest creep resistance. Further improvements in creep resistance were achieved by optimizing the ratio of wood powder with particle sizes ≤425 µm and ≤180 µm. The optimal creep performance was observed when the ratio of ≤425 µm to ≤180 µm wood powder was 1：1， resulting in minimal strain. Comparison of the compression creep experiment results with the numerical simulation results from MSC Marc showed strong consistency， indicating that the generalized Maxwell model accurately characterized the viscoelastic behavior of poplar-bismuth oxide composites. After the first instantaneous deformation stage， the displacement curve stabilized， demonstrating that short-term creep data can effectively predict the long-term creep behavior of the composites under different shapes and working conditions.
Conclusion Poplar-bismuth oxide composites prepared using the warm-press forming method exhibit excellent creep resistance and significant viscoelastic properties. The generalized Kelvin-Voigt and Maxwell models provide accurate constitutive models of the viscoelastic behavior based on optimal fitting of the creep experimental data. The particle size of the wood powder significantly affects the creep behavior of the composites， with the best creep resistance observed when the mass ratio of ≤425 µm to ≤180 µm wood powder is 1：1. Additionally， the composites possess good color properties， making them a viable substitute for precious woods in the production of high-end automotive interior parts. These composites show great potential in construction and furniture engineering. This study offers new insights into the composition design and mechanical characterization of wood powder-metal oxide composites and other wood-based composites. The strong consistency between experimental and simulation results verifies the accuracy of the viscoelastic parameters and finite element models. Moreover， short-term creep data can reliably predict the long-term creep behavior of the composites， providing a reliable approach for evaluating the performance of composite structural components and products.
Keywords：poplar-bismuth oxide composites； viscoelasticity； compressive creep； warm-press forming
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