张珍明^1，2 ，肖进男¹ ，靳芙蓉²

引用格式：

张珍明，肖进男，靳芙蓉. 纳米塑料颗粒的形成及对环境效应的研究进展［J］. 中国粉体技术，2025，31（1）：1-11.

ZHANG Zhenming， XIAO Jinnan， JIN Furong. Research progress on formation of nanoplastic particles and their environmental effects［J］. China Powder Science and Technology，2025，31（1）：1−11.

DOI：10.13732/j.issn.1008-5548.2025.01.008

收稿日期：2024-08-04，修回日期：2024-09-15，上线日期：2024-10-13。

基金项目：国家自然科学基金项目，编号：42367031；贵州省百层次人才项目编号：GCC［2023］062；贵阳市科技计划项目，编号［2023］13-13。

第一作者简介：张珍明（1986—），男，教授，博士，博士生导师，贵州省百万层次人才、优秀青年科技人才，研究方向为环境科学与工程。E-mail：zhang6653579@163. com。

摘要：【目的】了解和掌握纳米塑料颗粒（粒径小于 1 μm）在环境中引发的环境效应。【研究现状】对纳米塑料颗粒与污染物的联合毒性效应及毒性机制进行系统概述；总结纳米塑料颗粒的来源形成途径，对动、植物等造成的危害，与微生物之间的相互作用影响。【结论与展望】对纳米塑料颗粒的行为效应研究主要聚焦于海洋，而对淡水、土壤和大气等生态系统的纳米塑料颗粒污染研究较少；纳米塑料颗粒在自然环境中难降解，应加强对纳米塑料颗粒的精准识别，尤其是对老化产物的分析与精准检测及与其他污染物之间的作用关系。

Abstract

Objective To comprehensively understand the pollution behavior of nanoplastic particles （NPs）（with a particle size smaller than 1 μm） is essential for grasping their environmental impact in the natural environment.

Progress This paper systematically outlines the sources and formation pathways of nanoplastics， the harm they cause to animals and plants， their interactions with microorganisms， and the combined toxicity effects and mechanisms of NPs with pollutants.Key sources of NPs include agricultural film usage， wastewater irrigation， and domestic sewage discharge. The formation process of NPs in the environment is more complex， involving multiple pathways such as photodegradation， chemical degradation，physical fragmentation， thermal degradation， and microbial degradation， with photodegradation and microbial degradation being the primary pathways. Research on the harmful effects of NPs on animals primarily focuses on aquatic environments， particularly in freshwater and marine ecosystems. In marine environments， the behavior of NPs involves agglomeration， adsorption，and the release of additives. NPs are also toxic to plant growth in soils， with studies focusing on their distribution in the soil environment， the mechanisms of root absorption in plants， and their modes of action. Current studies on the interactions between NPs and microorganisms have primarily focused on bacteria. NPs impact bacterial development by reducing growth activity， lowering enzyme activity， decreasing surface charge， and altering biofilm formation patterns. The interactions between NPs and

microorganisms in natural environments are complex， with their interplay relationships being more evident in water and soil environments. With increasingly more advanced research being conducted worldwide on the toxicological mechanisms of NPs， their effects on earthworms in soil， freshwater zebrafish， marine fish， and microalgae have emerged as hot spots. NPs are regarded as one of the most severe ecological threats， and their combination with pollutants， such as heavy metals， antibiotics， and chemical contaminants， presents even greater environmental hazards than NPs acting alone.

Conclusion and Prospects To further analyze and clarify the various environmental hazards posed by NPs， and to address the lack of basic data on their environmental impact， future research should focus on the following areas：1） Enhancing research on the interaction mechanisms between NPs and chemical pollutants， particularly the interactions between NPs and antibiotics in recent years；2） Developing high-precision， high-efficiency instruments to accurately detect plastic particles at the nanoscale or smaller， reducing their environmental impact；3） Improving the analysis of degradation products from NPs， particularly the detection of greenhouse gases such as CO₂ and CH₄ generated during degradation， to understand the impact of natural plastic aging processes on atmospheric greenhouse gas emissions.

Keywords：nanoplastic particle； environmental effect； toxicity mechanism； environmental behavior

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